Testacean

“ In the Testacea the body consists of but few parts, the reason being that these animals live a stationary life. For such animals as move much about must of necessity have more numerous parts than such as remain quiet; for their activities are many, and the more diversified the movements the greater the number of organs required to effect them. Some species of Testacea are absolutely motionless, and others not quite but nearly so. Nature, however, has provided them with a protection in the hardness of the shell with which she has invested their body. ”

“ In the Testacea, on the contrary, the inhabitant is of a simple and soft texture, without bones, and is attached to its domicil by a certain adhesive muscular force; this domicil, too, is a permanent one, and is increased, from time to time, by gradual additions on the part of the tenant; while the entire shell, which is distributed in layers, or strata, is a combination of carbonate of lime, with a very small portion of gelatinous matter. Such animals, then, with such shells, form, alone, the subject of a proper “Conchology.” ”

“ Indeed, the number of species of Arion diminishes as we leave that province, though one extends beyond the borders of Europe into Siberia. The same number of species, viz. five, occur in Germany and in England. Testacella—a slug-like mollusc—which lives underground on earthworms, and of which genus three species, viz. T. maugei, T. haliotidea, T. scutulum, are known to inhabit the British Islands, is another Lusitanian animal. All the species are confined to Western Europe and North Africa; they do not even reach Germany or Switzerland. ”

“ The tsetse fly sucks them out of an infected fish or mammal, and develops them, inside his body probably for some time, during which the organism probably changes a good deal. When the tsetse bites a man, the developed trypanosome gets down the proboscis into the blood. About a week after the bite, when the bite itself is cured, the man gets the ordinary trypanosome fever, which makes you pretty wretched, by the way. ”

“ The former is incorrectly termed ovum, for it merely corresponds to what in well-fed sanguineous animals is fat; and thus it is that it makes its appearance in Testacea at those seasons of the year when they are in good condition, namely, spring and autumn. For no Testacea can abide extremes of temperature, and they are therefore in evil plight in seasons of great cold or heat. This is clearly shown by what occurs in the case of the sea-urchins. For though the ova are to be found in these animals even directly they are born, yet they acquire a greater size than usual at the time of full moon ”

“ Their general dip is about 10°, varying in direction from south-east, near Maungaharuru, to south and south-west as their northern termination is reached. Fossils are plentiful, but, as is usually the case when embedded in Papa, are of so fragile a nature that it is very difficult to preserve them. I obtained eighteen different species of Testacea from these beds in different parts. In this formation we first see signs of local disturbance, which is not continued, as far as I am aware, into the overlying one. ”

“ Then come a number of intermediate species, each with progressively smaller and thinner shells, till at length we reach the testacella, which has only a sort of limpet-shaped shield on his tail, so that he is generally recognised as being the first of the slugs rather than the last of the snails. You will not find a testacella unless you particularly look for him, for he seldom comes above ground, being a most bloodthirsty subterraneous carnivore who follows the burrows of earthworms as savagely as a ferret tracks those of rabbits ”

“ He then found that the tsetse-fly can produce, the disease in a healthy animal only when it has first charged itself with blood from a diseased animal, and he produced evidence that Clossina morsitans is not capable of producing the disease except by carrying the parasites from one animal to another in the blood that it takes through its proboscis into its stomach. ”

“ The poison-germ, contained in a bulb at the root of the proboscis, seems capable, although very minute in quantity, of reproducing itself, for the blood after death by tsetse is very small in quantity, and scarcely stains the hands in dissection. I shall have by-and-by to mention another insect, which by the same operation produces in the human subject both vomiting and purging.
The mule, ass, and goat enjoy the same immunity from the tsetse as man and the game. ”

“ I fear that my experiment with the tsetse will be vitiated, but no symptoms yet occur in any of the camels except weariness. [6] The sun is very sharp; it scorches. Nearly all the sepoys had fever, but it is easily cured; they never required to stop marching, and we cannot make over four or five miles a day, which movement aids in the cure. In all cases of fever removal from the spot of attack should be made: after the fever among the sepoys, the Nassick boys took their turn along with the Johannees. ”

“ Animals also differ in being in good condition or not during gestation. The testacea, as the pectens and the malacostraca, as the carabi and such like, are best when pregnant; for this word is also used of the testacea. For the malacostraca have been observed both in the act of copulation and oviposition; but none of the testacea have ever been seen so occupied. The malacia, such as the teuthis, sepia, and polypus, are most excellent when pregnant; and almost all fish are good during the early part of the period; but as the time advances some are good and some not so. ”

“ When the tsetse fly, Glossina palpalis, feeds on a man in whose peripheral circulation there are normal type trypanosomes we have an accumulation of such forms in the middle and posterior portions of the gut. From the eighth to the eighteenth day long, slender forms develop and pass forward into the proventriculus. None of the intestinal forms can cause infection when injected into animals. ”

“ In S. testaceus, however, which is the common European form, the workers are greatly reduced in number, showing, as Forel has suggested, that this caste is on the eve of disappearing completely and thus leading to conditions like those of Anergates and the other permanent parasites. Wasmann once found a S. testaceus-Tetramorium colony containing fertile females of both species, and during the past June Professor Forel and I found a similar colony on the Petit Salève, near Geneva. This colony contained a fertile Tetramorium queen. ”

“ The next inner layer of the pericarp exhibits its circumference tangentially arranged soft parenchyme, the cells of which possess either spiral striation or spiral fibers, but towards the interior lose parenchyme free from starch and containing very large oil cells. The testa is formed in the first place of a row of small yellowish thick-walled cells, next to which follows the true testa as a dense, dark-brown layer of lignified cells, the individual outlines of which are indistinguishable. ”

“ TESTACEOUS. (Testa, a shell.) Shelly. Testaceous Mollusca, are soft animals having shells. A testaceous operculum is one composed of shelly matter.
TETRACERA. Bl. The first family of the order Polybranchiata, Bl. containing no genera of testaceous mollusca.
TEXTILIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Conus, consisting of Conus bullatus, &c. Sw. Malac. p. 312.
TEXTULARIA. Defr. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
THALAMUS. Montf. A genus described as resembling Conilites, but curved and granulated.
THALLEPUS. Sw. A genus of "Aplysianiæ," Sw. thus described: "Body more slender and fusiform;" ”

“ The testa which is thin, brittle and translucent encloses an exalbuminous embryo having two short cotyledons folded together longitudinally and forming a sort of trough in which the radicle lies bent up. The embryo thus coiled into a ball completely fills the testa; the outer cotyledon is thicker than the inner, which viewed in transverse section seems to hold the radicle as a pair of forceps. The seeds when pulverized have a greenish yellow hue. ”

“ The tsetse flies rapidly and directly to the objects it seeks, and must have a keen sense of smell or sight, or both, making straight for its prey, and being most persistent in its attacks. The buzzing which it produces when flying is peculiar, and easily recognized again when once heard. ”

“ When Castellani made known his discovery of the trypanosome of sleeping sickness, Brumpt, in France, and Sambon, in England, independently advanced the theory that the disease was transmitted by the tsetse-fly, Glossina palpalis. This theory was based upon the geographical distribution and epidemiology of the disease. ”

“ This antagonism, seen in these incipient Metazoa which show us none of that organization characterizing the Metazoa in general, is everywhere in more or less disguised forms exhibited by them—must necessarily be so if growth of the individual is a process of integration while formation of new individuals is a process of disintegration. And, primarily, it is an implication that whatever furthers the one impedes the other. ”

“ In the light cells one finds secretory globules, accumulating in rows, sometimes above, other times below, arches of cells. The secretory droplets pass from the cells into the lumen, and often lie in irregular layers on the epithelium; also the basal cells appear swollen and shoved out between the cylindrical cells.” At the lower extremity of the testicle, the tail is formed, which is globular in shape, and more or less loosely attached to the testicle. ”

“ These trypanosomata are not peculiar to any one species, but may affect dogs, rats, horses, etc. Their morphological peculiarities also vary according to the animals in which they are found. Thus, the tsetse parasites when cultivated in the bodies of dogs and rats become much smaller than usual, and the centrosome appears near the end; when cultivated in horses the end appears pointed, and the centrosome lies near the centre; in the pig the parasites lose their peculiar short flagellum. ”

“ Of the testa, only the innermost layer agrees with the corresponding part of cardamom; whilst the middle layer has the cell-walls so much thickened that only a few cavities, widely distant from one another, remain open. The outer layer of the testa consists of thick-walled cells, the cavities of which appear, on transverse section, radially extended. The albumen is loaded with starch granules of 2 to 5 mkm. diameter, the whole amount in each cell being agglutinated, so as to form a coherent mass.
Chemical Composition—Grains of paradise contain a small proportion of essential oil; 53 lb. ”

“ The testicles were readily found, and on one of them I discovered a red, glandular, prominent body, about the size of a pea, which perfectly resembled a little nipple; on the outside was a visible orifice formed by two lips; one of which jutted out more than the other. [110] Having introduced a small instrument into this orifice, a liquor dropped from it, which we carefully caught to examine with the microscope. The surgeon replaced the testicles in the body of the animal, which was yet alive, in order to keep them warm. ”

“ In the course of time, when they migrate before the advance of sportsmen, or in search of pasture into tsetse country as yet uninfected with trypanosome, the tsetses attacking them suck the infected blood and receive the organisms into their bodies. ”

“ The seeds have a bitterish taste, and when bruised a disagreeable odour. When the entire seeds are immersed in dilute alcohol, they afford a tincture displaying a beautiful green fluorescence, turning yellow on addition of ammonia.
Microscopic Structure—The testa is formed of a row of radially extended, thick-walled cells. They are not of a simply cylindrical form, but their walls are sinuously bent in and out in the direction of their length. Viewed in a direction tangential to the surface, the cells appear as if indented one into the other. ”

“ The most formidable enemy of both man and beast in tropical Africa is the tsetse, species Glossina, a genus of blood-sucking fly peculiar to that land, which carries a minute parasite, the trypanosome, from the infected to the healthy, resulting in the production of sleeping sickness, or trypanosomiasis. ”

“ Shell. Very small, external, ear-shaped, apex absolutely spiral, aperture very large and oval, left edge sharp and rolled inward behind. Inhabits the middle provinces of France. Two species.
Testacella Haliotidea. T. Neritoidea. 4. Genus Parmacella. Pl. X. Animal. Body creeping oblong; middle of the back moderately convex, and shield-shaped; hind part in form of a tail, laterally compressed, acute above; shield ovate, fleshy, adhering at its posterior part, free before, enveloping a shell, with a notch in the centre of its right margin; four tentacula, two posterior largest ”

“ Suffering much with pain in testicle, which ran up the spermatic cord and through to the left kidney.
[Pg 219] Treatment.—Cantharis and Aconite, as there was some fever. Mullein oil applied to the testicle. Rapid improvement during the first twenty-four hours, and made a quick recovery.
I have also cured a case of chronic inflammation of the eyes, and a case of chilblains from which the patient had suffered, during the winter, for about six years. * * *
Every drug has its exact range. This one being new to the profession, we are just learning what it will do. ”

“ Testacea, gracillima, capite subelongato, antennis pallide rufis basi nigris, thorace antico attenuato, abdomine lineari apicem versus tumido, femoribus intermediis subincrassatis, tibiis intermediis nigris, tarsis intermediis albis apice nigris, alis pallide fuscescentibus, basi fasciaque cinerascentibus.
Male. Testaceous, very slender; head somewhat elongated; antennæ pale red, black at the base; thorax long, attenuated in front; abdomen linear, tumid towards the tip, narrower and much longer than the thorax; legs very long; fore legs much shorter and more slender than the others ”