Water heater

“ The problem of heating water is of serious dimensions for life without hot water to civilized man and woman is a poor struggle.
At present there are on the market, distinct from the usual hot water plant installed in properly built and equipped houses—many different and efficient heaters and boilers.
In houses where there is no hot water central plant there can be bought for moderate rates an electric heater which is attached to the faucet in tub or wash basin or sink and through its system of copper coils over which the water flows through, you can get hot water immediately! ”

“ The exhaust piping from the auxiliaries is carried directly up into the pipe area, where it is connected with a feed-water heater, with means for by-passing the latter. Beyond the heater it joins the 40-inch riser to the roof. The feed-water heaters are three-pass, vertical, water-tube heaters, designed for a working water pressure of 225 pounds per square inch.
The design of the atmospheric relief valve received special consideration. A lever is provided to assist the valve to close, while a dash pot prevents a too quick action in either direction. ”

“ It is possible to do away with the tank entirely, connecting the returns direct into the water chamber of the heater, but as the water space of the heater is generally comparatively limited, the water level in such cases is subject to more or less extreme fluctuations, due to the fact that the return water does not always come back with a uniform flow. This is especially the case with large office buildings, when the building is being heated in the morning and a number of cold radiators are apt to be turned on at nearly the same time. ”

“ Hot water supply.—A good supply is essential to rapid and thorough work. The apartment dweller who finds it piped to the sink is most fortunate. The separate house must have a boiler connected with the coal range, or a water25 tank fastened to the range. If gas is used, have some kind of gas water heater that will give a sufficient flow for dish-washing and cleaning purposes. A boiler may be heated with a kerosene stove. The boiler should be fastened above the floor with space below for a one-burner blue-flame kerosene stove. Have a faucet in the boiler. ”

“ Where direct heat is not desired, a register opening in the ceiling of a downstairs room will sometimes carry enough heat to the upper chamber to make it comfortable for sleeping purposes.
Since furnace efficiency is largely dependent upon air control, a strong wind sometimes makes it difficult to heat portions of the house. To meet this emergency there is a combination hot-air and hot-water heater which supplies radiators on the upper floors, or elsewhere if desired. The additional cost is practically all in the installation, as the same fire furnishes both forms of heat. ”

“ The temperature of a room may apparently be raised several degrees with the same expenditure of heat, and greater comfort will result by the application of a simple principle. In summer a moist day seems warmer than a dry one though the thermometer registers the same. By permitting steam to escape from a radiator or keeping a kettle boiling on the stove, the air is moistened and feels warmer.
A Carbon Electric Water Heater
The water heater illustrated is for use on a 110-volt circuit without added resistance. ”

“ It weighs with the casing, the dome, the smoke stack and connections, a little less than 1,000 lbs. The water first passes through a system of small tubes—1⁄4 inch in [157] diameter and 1⁄60 inch thick—which were placed at the top of the boiler and immediately over the larger tubes—not shown in the cut. This feed-water heater is found to be very effective. ”

“ Although the best types of fire engine boilers require but a few minutes’ time to generate a working pressure from cold water, the general adoption of many improvements has made the stationary heater an essential part of a complete equipment.
Experience proves that the life of the boiler is prolonged by being kept constantly in a state of activity, and the elevated temperature of the water insures prompt and efficient work by the steamer at the very time when a few moments’ delay may breed disaster. ”

“ However, some farmers will desire either an air, water, or steam heater. Air heaters are dangerous, because if the valves are not properly managed, the pipes may become superheated and may set the building on fire. They carry fine dust into the rooms, and the heat cannot be evenly distributed when the house is exposed to the full force of the wind, as it usually is in the country. The system of heating by means of hot water has many objections when used in the farm house. The water in the pipes is likely to freeze at night in the unused rooms if it is cut off ”

“ If the [124] conservatory is heated from the heater which supplies the dwelling house, it should have an extra amount of pipe; otherwise it will be necessary to keep the dwelling house too hot for comfort in order to maintain the conservatory at its proper temperature. It is always best, when practicable, to heat the conservatory with a separate apparatus. There are various small hot water and steam heaters, the size of coal stoves, which are excellent for the purpose. For a small conservatory, hot water is usually preferable to steam, since it is less likely to fluctuate. ”

“ Particular care should be taken to make sure that whatever type of heating is employed is adequate in size. It is more economical to operate a heater that is somewhat oversized than to “rush” one which cannot easily maintain a comfortable temperature in cold weather. Heating engineers and contractors are available to furnish information on heating costs in every locality. The generally used types of heating include stoves, circulator heaters, warm air, hot water and steam systems, and fireplaces. ”

“ In order that the water may flow steadily into the boiler there is an air chamber, which may be partly filled with water at each stroke of the plunger. As the water comes in, the air must be compressed, and as it expands it forces the water through the feed pipe into the boiler in a steady stream. There is one check valve between the pump cylinder and the air chamber, to prevent the water from coming back into the cylinder, and another between the air chamber and the boiler, to prevent the steam pressure forcing itself or the water from the boiler or water heater back into the air chamber. ”

“ Hot water is necessary in every home and there must be a heater of some type, using coal, petroleum products, natural or artificial gas or electricity for fuel. For this purpose a hot-water storage boiler or tank must be installed. ”

“ The question of the type of apparatus to be installed is dependent upon the conditions attached to each individual case.
In closed heaters the feed water and the exhaust steam do not come into actual contact with each other. Either the steam or the water passes through tubes surrounded by the other medium, as the heater is of the steam-tube or water-tube type. A closed heater is best suited for water free from scale-forming matter, as such matter soon clogs the passages. Cleaning such heaters is costly and the efficiency drops off rapidly as scale forms. ”

“ A. There being no exhaust steam when engine is not running, no benefit is derived from the heater. Now, as cold water should never be forced into a hot boiler the injector becomes of great value, as it heats the feed water to a very high temperature before it enters the boiler. ”

“ Only by making the water pass regularly and gradually through the heater will you get the full effect of the heat from the exhaust steam. If a great deal of water is pumped into the boiler at one time, the exhaust steam will not be sufficient to heat it as it ought. ”

“ Must be heated, where artificial heating is necessary to prevent freezing, by steam or hot-water systems, the heater to be located in a separate building, and no open flames to be permitted within generator enclosures. ”

“ When feed water is taken from the hot well, it will save 7 to 8 per cent.
Where all the steam generated by a boiler is used in the engine and the exhaust passed through a heater it is found by actual experiment, where iron tubes are used in the heater, that approximately ten square feet of heating surface will be required for each 30 lbs. of water supplied to the boiler at a temperature of 200 degrees Fahr. ”

“ Some firms have now made percolators and water heaters with fuse-nut or safety fuse devices which melt if overloaded or allowed to heat up without any liquid in them to be heated. You must not let a percolator “perc” without any water in it. People complain more about good percolators because their heating element [11] burns out, either because they do this or because they have it connected up with too many other devices. Even if you do the right thing in these respects, don’t forget to disconnect the electricity by pulling out the plug. ”

“ An electrical heater is provided in the poppet to prevent ice formation. Coolant flow capacity is 366 lb/hr at 40°F.
Water flow capacity is 3 lb/min when cooling is not required from the evaporator. Maximum operating pressure in the fluid heater coolant circuits is 230 psig, and 100 psig in the core circuits. Maximum operating pressure in the water circuit is 20 psig with exit port relief valve in normal operation.
The steam exit duct is continuously heated by coolant coming from the primary oxygen heat exchanger to prevent ice formation. ”

“ In this heater room is the large hot water boiler which heats the Brooder House, above. There are also two automatic heaters, controlling the trunk line pipes for the heating of the air passing up under the hovers in the Brooder House. The incubator heaters also stand in this room, [167] the pipes passing through the division wall, connecting with the incubators on the other side.
The floor is smooth surface concrete, there being a gentle slope in the heater room all to one corner, where a drain carries off the water used in flushing the floor. ”

“ The copper coil in it is connected at the bottom with the cold-water supply and the top outlet of the coil is connected with the hot-water system of piping. There is no need of a storage tank with this heater. When a faucet is opened in any part of the hot-water piping system, the water passing through the water valve at the heater causes the gas valve to open so that the whole set of burners in the heater is supplied with gas, and the burners are lighted from a pilot light. When the faucet is closed, the gas supply is shut off and the burners are put out. The pilot is lighted all the time. ”

“ In buildings of the second class, such as residences, office buildings and hotels, we have been, as a rule, satisfied with sufficient heat, and have relied upon such ventilation as is secured by the natural circulation methods. In such buildings, therefore, the system of heating most used is that known as "direct radiation," in which radiators, or some form of radiating surface, are located in each room, and connected by an arrangement of piping to a central source of steam or hot-water supply. ”

“ There are a number of methods available for adoption in the heating of buildings, but it is a matter of considerable difficulty to suit the method of warming to the class of building to be warmed. Heating may be effected by one of the following systems, or installations may be so arranged as to combine the advantages of more than one method: open fires, closed stoves, hot-air apparatus, hot water circulating in pipes at low or at high pressure, or steam at high or low pressure. ”

“ Like any other device for heating, the perfect and satisfactory results depend altogether on the manner of setting them. In no case should a heater be expected to develop its full power when placed in a fire-place in so close proximity with the brick as to allow the hot air to strike against and be absorbed by them. The heater should be enclosed in a jacket of sheet-iron, having an 8-inch opening, and a collar at the top. Attached to the collar, and “built in” the chimney, should be an 8-inch tin pipe, connecting with the register-box in the second story. ”

“ The hot water in the radiators cools and, in cooling, gives up its heat to the rooms and thus warms them.
In hot-water heating systems, fresh air is not brought to the rooms, for the radiators are closed pipes containing hot water. It is largely for this reason that thoughtful people are careful to raise windows at intervals. Some systems of hot-water heating secure ventilation by confining the radiators to the basement, to which cold air from outside is constantly admitted in such a way that it circulates over the radiators and becomes strongly heated. ”

“ As long as the temperature at the heated side of the furnace wall is kept constant, the temperature gradient and the rate of heat conduction also remain constant. Increasing the thickness of the wall lengthens the path through which the heat must travel, decreasing the temperature gradient and the rate at which heat appears at the outside surface. Raising the temperature in the furnace increases the temperature gradient and the rate of heat conduction, much as raising the inlet pressure increased the rate of flow of water in the pipe. ”

“ Water-ways thin enough to heat water rapidly. Quality and position of heating surface must not allow for waste of heat. 65% of heating surface should be in direct contact with heat, 35% in flue surface. Response to your dampers will show you if you have 65% of your heating surface in direct contact with flame! Go and see the best hot water boiler in your vicinity—before you buy consult your engineer and ask about others. ”