Cauterization

“ If the diseased tissue is thoroughly removed, the relief may be permanent or may at the least extend over several years. If, however, cauterization or operation is not thorough, the parts are scarcely healed before symptoms of a recurrence manifest themselves. Internal treatment does not seem to exert any beneficial effect upon the disease. In regard to local treatment, whatever operation or remedy is capable of removing or destroying the growth may be employed, caustics, the curette, and the knife all being available for this purpose. ”

“ The special cautery which was used for ‘aegilops’ (fistula lachrymalis) was probably an olivary pointed cautery, as the cautery recommended by both Scultetus and Paré for this is an olivary pointed one. Paul (VI. xxii) says, ‘Some after excision of the flesh use a perforator, and make a passage for the fluid or matter to the nose, but we are content with [Pg 118] burning alone, using the cauteries for fistula lachrymalis (αἰγιλωπικοῖς καυτηρίοις) and burning down till a lamina of bone exfoliates.’
Gamma-shaped Cautery. ”

“ In Amia there is no trace of pyloric caeca. Polypterus has a single short caecum with a thick muscular wall. In Acipenser, Polyodon, and Lepidosteus, on the contrary, pyloric caeca are unusually well developed. In Acipenser the caeca are not only numerous, but are so connected together by connective tissue and blood-vessels, and so invested externally by the peritoneum, as to form a large, compact, gland-like mass, communicating with the intestine by a single wide duct. In Polyodon the organ is essentially similar, but is lobed externally. ”

“ Cobangia, the anus is anterior and ventral. A gizzard is present in a few forms. The buccal cavity is sometimes armed with jaws. The oesophagus is provided often with caeca which in Syllids and Hesionidae have been found to contain air, and possibly therefore perform the function of the fish’s air-bladder. In other Polychaetes one or more pairs of similar outgrowths are glandular. The intestine is provided with numerous branched caeca in Aphrodite.
Reproduction.—As is the case with the Oligochaeta, the Polychaeta furnish examples of species which multiply asexually by budding. ”

“ The cayote is a long, slim, sick and sorry-looking skeleton, with a gray wolf-skin stretched over it, a tolerably bushy tail that forever sags down with a despairing expression of forsakenness and misery, a furtive and evil eye, and a long, sharp face, with slightly lifted lip and exposed teeth. He has a general slinking expression all over. The cayote is a living, breathing allegory of Want. He is always hungry.
He is always poor, out of luck and friendless. The meanest creatures despise him, and even the fleas would desert him for a velocipede. ”

“ More frequently, perhaps, where the air-bladder is prolonged into the tail, it assumes the form of two bilaterally arranged and symmetrical caeca, which extend backwards for a variable distance internal to the caudal muscles and in contact with the adjacent skeletal elements, as in Notopteridae, and in some Sparidae, Carangidae, and Scombridae. The extension of the air-bladder into the tail is often associated with a short, laterally-compressed trunk, which, if the bladder is to attain its normal degree of development, necessitates its prolongation into the caudal region. ”

“ The anal fin corresponds to the dorsal, but is placed beneath the body, just behind the vent. The caudal is the most important fin of all, being the great organ of motion. It is the termination of the body, being expanded around the posterior extremity. In those fishes which are endowed with swiftness in swimming, the tail-fin is forked, each division being pointed, as are also the pectorals; while in those of sluggish habits, the caudal, as well as the pectorals, is commonly short, even, or rounded. ”

“ As the individuals of a species do not all attain to maturity at the same age and at the same size, and as mature individuals generally have the caudal less deeply excised than immature ones of the same age and size, it is evident that the variations in the form of the caudal are considerable and numerous, and that it is a very misleading character if due regard be not paid to the age and sexual development of the fish. ”

“ Describing the Ark, they say it was so perfectly joined by “Betun,” a glue so strong that the pieces united by it could not be separated by any art “sinon par sang naturel de fleurs de femmes.”
Moxa. In the middle of the seventeenth century Ten Rhyn and afterwards Kaempfer, both surgeons in the service of the Dutch East India Company, described a process of cauterisation largely adopted in China and Japan in the treatment of various maladies. ”

“ Kaiutois ate the meat and fat and gave the intestines to Wus. He felt stronger then, and said: “Maybe I will get well if I can get out in the woods. Maybe I can kill big game again.”
Wus helped him out, and after a while Kaiutois told him to call deer. He said: “I’ll go into the house and wrap up in a blanket, and when they are almost through dancing, you must say: ‘This man is dead. Throw him out!’ When they throw me out, I will run at them and kill as many as I can.”
Wus called: “I want everybody who lives on the mountains and among the rocks to come. Kaiutois is almost dead. ”

“ Wherefore, having placed the woman in a supine posture, and seizing the redundant portion of the nympha in a forceps we cut it out with a scalpel, taking care not to cut too deep lest we occasion the complaint called rhœas. The cauda is a fleshy excrescence arising from the mouth of the womb, and filling the female pudendum, sometimes even projecting externally like a tail ”

“ One day Wus went to see him and Kaiutois said: “I want you to find me something to eat; I am hungry.”
Wus killed some mice, put them in a basket, and carried them to Kaiutois. Kaiutois ate them at one mouthful and said: “I feel better, but I am weak, for I am hungry. You must call deer and try to kill one. Call loud so they can hear, and say: ‘Come and dance. Big-ribs is going to die.’ When they come, you must kill a white-faced one; they are the fattest.”
Wus called: “All those who live in the mountains, come! The man who has killed so many people is dying. ”

“ It appears, then, that the hinder end of the body undergoes considerable change before reaching the adult condition. Aside from the partial disappearance of the primordial median fin and the gradual development of the ventrals, the dorsals, and the anal, the caudal fin assumes at least three distinct forms. The first is lance-shaped and simple, like that of Amphioxus, the eel, the lamprey, salamanders, and tadpoles. The second is compound, with a slender filament above and a broader fin below, as with some sturgeons and sharks. ”

“ Most of the species live far away from such luxuries, and one and all are vegetarians, as a rule, and eat an insect or suck an egg or two as the exception.
The Coaita, or Quata, is large for an Ateles, and is covered with long, coarse hair, of a glossy black colour, the under part at the groin being without any. The hair of the head is directed forwards, and conceals the ears, which have no lobe, and the face is of a reddish flesh-colour. It is an intelligent animal, and shows much curiosity when anything new is seen in its vicinity. ”

“ For the cure of ægilops, Mesue recommends the removal of all the diseased flesh by means of strong caustics, such as arsenic, sal ammoniac, chalcitis, alum, &c. When the bone is carious, he directs us to scrape off the carious part. Some, he adds, perforate the bone; but the operation had not succeeded well in his hands. He makes mention of the cautery in the same terms as the others. (De Ægr. Oculi, 12.)
Jesu Hali approves decidedly of perforating the bone with a specillum, or any suitable instrument. He also speaks favorably of the actual cautery. ”

“ The chaetae are of two kinds—unjointed, hair-like, fringed bristles and "uncini." {306}By their arrangement the body is divided into a thorax of nine segments and an abdomen; in the former the capillary chaetae are dorsal, and in the latter ventral. The buccal region is not eversible; there is no pharynx. The septa are regularly developed in the abdomen, but are absent in the thorax; the nephridia are dimorphic; there are two large ones in the thorax opening by a median dorsal pore just above the brain; those of the abdomen are small funnels, and act as genital ducts. ”

“ The disease spreads, and the anguish induces the coati to gnaw more furiously, and eventually its life is destroyed by the extension of the inflammation and irritability to the spine."
THE BADGER.
Of this animal there are two species, one European, the other American; but they have a strong resemblance. It has short legs, and a long body; lives in burrows by day, and goes forth at night to prey on roots, snails, and worms. ”

“ The two lateral lobes contain the coelom; each separates off in front a segment which forms the head and presumably then divides again to form anteriorly the trunk, and posteriorly the tail regions. An interesting feature of the development of Chaetognaths is that, as in some insects, the cells destined to form the reproductive organs are differentiated at a very early period, being apparent even in the gastrula stage.
The great bulk of the group is pelagic, as the transparent nature of all their tissues indicates. They move by flexing their bodies. ”

“ Meisenheimer [Footnote: Experimentelle Studien zur Soma- und Geschlechtedifferenzierung. Jena, 1909.] made more extensive experiments on castration of caterpillars in the last-mentioned species, in which the male is dark in colour and has much-feathered antennae, while the female is very pale and has antennae only slightly feathered. In the moths developed from the castrated larvae there was no alteration in the male characters, and in the females the only difference was that some of them were slightly darker than the normal. ”

“ Coelomoducis.—In this category are included (by Goodrich and Lankester) the gonad ducts of the Oligochaeta, certain funnels without any aperture to the exterior that have been detected in Nereis, &c., funnels with wide and short ducts attached to nephridia in other Polychaeta, gonad ducts in the Capitellidae, the gonad ducts of the leeches. In all these cases we have a duct which has a usually wide, always intercellular, lumen, generally, if not always, ciliated, which opens directly into the coelom on the one hand and on to the exterior of the body on the other. ”

“ The cayote lives chiefly in the most desolate and forbidding desert, along with the lizard, the jackass-rabbit and the raven, and gets an uncertain and precarious living, and earns it. He seems to subsist almost wholly on the carcases of oxen, mules and horses that have dropped out of emigrant trains and died, and upon windfalls of carrion, and occasional legacies of offal bequeathed to him by white men who have been opulent enough to have something better to butcher than condemned army bacon. ”

“ In the Coatis this organ is produced in a most remarkable degree; and it is terminated by a muzzle so extremely flexible that, when the attention of the animal is excited, it is kept in constant action and moved about in all directions.
The Coatis are barely equal in size to the common fox: they inhabit the woods of South America, and live upon fruits, insects, and reptiles, climbing trees in pursuit of their prey with great agility. In captivity they are easily tamed, and are fond of being caressed; but exhibit no peculiar symptoms of attachment.
Three supposed species have been described ”

“ In both the cavity originally or immediately continuous with the coelom appears first in the funnel and grows backwards. In some cases, e.g. oviducts of Oligochaeta, sperm ducts of Phreoryctes, the coelomoducts occupy, like the nephridia, two segments, the funnel opening into that in front of the segment which carries the external pore. It is by no means certain that a hard and fast line can be drawn between intra- and intercellular lumina. Finally, in function there are some points of likeness. The gonad ducts of Lumbricus, &c., must perform one function of nephridia ”

“ After a great deal of exertion and fuss, he brought up a little saliva. "Where is your man's flesh?" scornfully asked the boy, as he pointed to the saliva on the ground. Cayote having opened his eyes, was a little abashed at the results of his efforts, but still keeping up the character of a man-eater, replied that he could do nothing because the other kept his eyes open. "Very well,' said the boy, "I will shut my eyes now, and you try again." Cayote consented, and tried once more. ”

“ In this way the danger of injury to the cord during the animal's struggles will be overcome. There will be no hemorrhage, or very little, if it has been done properly. This is the most simple manner of torsion. There are forceps and other instruments made to perform the operation in this manner. The actual cautery is an old method, but we shall not describe it, as we consider that we have better methods now. The next method with the clamps, although extensively used upon the horse, is not practiced to so great an extent upon the bovine at the present time. ”

“ The coati has a practice of gnawing his own tail, which, when not mutilated, is longer than his body, and which he generally rears aloft, and moves with ease in any direction. This seemingly unnatural taste of gnawing their tails is not peculiar to the coati, for some monkies, and other animals with long tails, frequently shorten them a fourth, or even one-third, by eating the flesh and the joints. ”

“ Several forms of cells float freely in the fluid of the coelom. In another sense also the coelom is not a closed cavity, for it communicates in several ways with the external medium. Thus, among the Oligochaeta there are often a series of dorsal pores, or a single head pore, present also among the Polychaeta (in Ammochares) . In these and other Chaetopods the coelom is also put into indirect relations with the outside world by the nephridia and by the gonad ducts. ”