Expiation, in Christian theology, refers to the reconciliation between humanity and God through the sacrificial death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, addressing the consequences of sin. This concept is examined through various perspectives, such as Anselm of Canterbury’s satisfaction theory, which views Christ’s sacrifice as an act of paying a debt to restore divine honor, or Gustaf Aulén’s Christus Victor model, which highlights Jesus’ victory over sin and death.
Victor Hugo portrays expiation as a moral obligation toward others in Les Misérables, while Franz Delitzsch emphasizes Christ’s surrender to death as the means of reconciliation. The doctrine therefore combines personal redemption, communal atonement, and theological imagery, illustrating Christianity’s intricate engagement with sin, grace, and salvation.