Himation

“ In very many cases we find that the Doric himation is worn, whether over both shoulders or only over one. In the Harpy monument, where we might have looked for Ionic dress in its purest form, we find the Doric himation worn over the fine linen-sleeved chiton, and on very many of the red-figured vases of the severe style this is the case. There is one set of monuments, however, which may be considered as Ionic in origin, or at least of Ionizing tendencies, where a far less simple garment takes the place of the Doric himation. ”

“ Women are frequently repre [p. 71] sented on vases [124] wearing over the long Ionic chiton a short and sometimes very ornate garment, which cannot be described as a himation. Possibly this short over-chiton is the garment indicated by the name χιτωνίσκος. [125] A similar garment was worn by musicians over the long ungirt chiton (ὀρθοστάδιος) . [126] Another instance of a special dress worn for a special purpose is the costume worn by actors ”

“ Cast of the sepulchral relief of Hegeso. A lady, Hegeso, is seated on a chair, with a foot-stool. She appears to be taking a necklace from a box which is held by a servant standing before her. Hegeso is richly dressed in a chiton with short sleeves, himation and sandals. Her hair is confined by a sphendonè, or band, broadest in front. The servant has a close-fitting cap, and a plain chiton with long sleeves. The relief is bounded by two pilasters surmounted by a pediment, with acroteria. ”

“ Besides the himation there were cloaks of more convenient dimensions for riding, hunting, or traveling. These were variously named but were all unsewn pieces of cloth, rectangular or curved on one side, and were usually pinned on one shoulder. A terracotta (No. 06.1118) in Case G in the Sixth Room represents a traveler in chiton and riding-cloak (fig. 66) , and the same cloak is worn by a warrior on the large amphora on a pedestal in the Fifth Room (see fig. 103) .
FIG. 67. MAN’S CHITON
Head-coverings were worn only by travelers, riders, or working-men. ”

“ The discoloration of the skin increases, until the body is of a dusky brown, livid or mahogany color, and there are frequent hæmorrhages from the mouth, nose, eyes, or even under the skin, forming livid spots and blotches. The body now exhales a cadaverous odor, the tendons of the wrist twitch convulsively, hiccough is constant, the features are pinched and ghastly, cold sweats come on, and the patient passes away in convulsions or coma, though occasionally he retains his intellectual faculties unimpaired to the last. ”

“ But persons who, although they have enlarged spleens, are exempt from hemorrhages and fœtor of the mouth have malignant ulcers on the legs and black cicatrices. But if they have any obvious deposit in the countenance, or if their speech be rough, or if they have toothache, a hemorrhage from the nose may be expected. Those who have great swellings below the eyes will be found to have enlarged spleens. And if there come on swellings in the feet, and if they appear to be dropsical, the belly and loins must be attended to. ”

“ The nature of scalding then, is this: the hot water coming upon the body, separates immediately the scarf skin from the real skin, thereby opens the lymphatic vessels, so that they discharge their lymph under the cuticula, and thence arise blisters. But withal, the heat of the water irritating the nerves, they are excited to contract and constrict the delicate vessels, and hinder the circulation; thence ensues the fiery colour and inflammation, and create acrimonious tendencies. Thence we learn, that a relaxation of the solids is to be relaxed, and the humours to be rectified. ”

“ When the external skin is the seat of inflammation, and produces sensitive irritated fever, no collection of matter is formed, as when a phlegmon is situated in the cellular membrane beneath the skin; but the cuticle rises as beneath a blister-plaster, and becomes ruptured; and a yellow material oozes out, and becomes inspissated, and lies upon its surface; as is seen in this kind of erysipelas, and in the confluent small-pox; or if the new vessels are reabsorbed the cuticle peels off in scales. ”

“ Large, black, dry eschars are formed, surrounded by a zone of intense congestion. Pain is less severe, and is referred to the parts that have been burned to a less degree. Infection is liable to occur and to lead to wide destruction of the surrounding skin. The amount of granulation tissue necessary to fill the gap is therefore great ”

“ In the apodous larvæ of Hymenoptera which live in cells, as we have observed in those of Bombus, during the process of moulting, the delicate skin breaks away in shreds, probably owing to the tension due to the unequal growth of the different parts of the body. “Thus after the skin beneath has fully formed, shreds of the former skin remain about the mouth-parts, the spiracles, and anus. ”

“ LESIONS.—In acute hog-cholera the inflammation is hemorrhagic in character. Small, red spots and blotches occur in different organs and tissues. In the chronic form of the disease ulceration of the intestinal and gastric mucous membrane, inflammation of the lungs and pleura and sloughing of the skin are common lesions.
The skin over the under side of the neck, body and inside of the thighs may appear red or purplish-red in color. The different groups of lymphatic glands are enlarged and softened. ”

“ The inflammation subsides, but some of the swelling remains in dependent members of the body, arms, legs, breasts, vulva and scrotum. These swellings may be caused by dead filaria worms, which block the glands whose function it is to drain a dependent area; thus the dead worms might impede the return flow of lymph and cause an overgrowth of skin and subcutaneous tissue, slowly piling up to a huge size. The skin grows rough like an elephant’s hide, and the monstrous limbs add to the elephantine look. ”

“ In the great class of Worms, special organs for locomotion are often altogether lacking; and, where found, are only rudimentary. Alternate swellings and contractions of certain portions of the body are a great source of progression; and these are effected by the fluids of the interior, which are driven to a given part of the cavity, and momentarily imprisoned there by the contraction of the circular tegumentary muscles before and behind it; the body swelling at that place. ”

“ The cranial nerves may be pressed upon at the base, especially at their points of exit, and this gives rise to symptoms of irritation or paralysis in the area of distribution of the nerves affected.
_In the septum of the nose, the nasal bones, and the hard palate_, gummatous disease causes ulceration, which, beginning in the mucous membrane, spreads to the bones, and being complicated with septic infection leads to caries and necrosis. ”

“ The hair becomes white and woolly, and at length falls off; hard gelatinous swellings are formed in the cellular tissue; the skin gets hard, rough, and seamy, lymph exudes from it, and forms large scabs, which fall off from time to time, and under these there are often offensive running sores. ”

“ The persons of the people, especially of the children, are infested with vermin, and one fruitful source of skin sores is the irritation arising from this cause. The floors of houses, being concealed by mats, are laid down carelessly with gaps between the boards, and, as the damp earth is only 18 inches or 2 feet below, emanations of all kinds enter the mats and pass into the rooms. ”

“ The embedded foreign body at first acts as an irritant, and induces a reaction in the tissues in which it lodges, in the form of hyperaemia, local leucocytosis, proliferation of fibroblasts, and the formation of granulation tissue. The subsequent changes depend upon whether or not the wound is infected with pyogenic bacteria. If it is so infected, suppuration ensues, a sinus forms, and persists until the foreign body is either cast out or removed. ”

“ When a localised portion of tissue, for example, a piece of skin, is so severely crushed or bruised that its blood vessels are occluded and its structure destroyed, it dies, and, if not infected with bacteria, dries up, and the shrivelled brown skin is slowly separated by the growth of granulation tissue beneath and around it. ”

“ No part is exempt; even the brain, heart, lungs, liver, stomach and bowels, bladder, kidneys, uterus, lymphatics, glands, nerves, veins, arteries, skin and all membranes are subject to swellings locally or generally, and with equal certainty they perish and shrink away. If either condition should exist death to the parts or all of the body will occur from want of nutrition. Instance, in lung fever which begins when swelling is established in lymphatics of lungs, trachea, nostrils, throat and face. ”

“ Foot and Mouth Disease—Eczema Epizootica Definition.—An acute, contagious fever, characterized by the formation of vesicles and ulcers, chiefly about the mouth and hoofs, etc. The eruptions appear on the mucous membrane of the mouth, on the fetlock, and in the cleft of the hoofs, and not unfrequently as a eruption on the udder. The disorder chiefly prevails among cattle and sheep, but under favoring circumstances, also attacks other domestic quadrupeds, and even man. ”

“ On entering the [304] body, either by inoculation or by way of the digestive or respiratory tracts, it multiplies with great rapidity. It is found in the blood, in the internal organs, in the intestinal canal, lymphatic glands and in great numbers in the suppurating buboes.
Pathology.—Rigor mortis occurs early, and often there is elevation of temperature immediately after death. Petechiae, ecchymoses, and carbuncles are generally found upon the skin. The lymphatic system is generally affected, the lymph glands of the groin and axilla showing evidence of inflammation. ”

“ Where a wide ulcer has eaten away the deep-seated layer out of which the epidermis grows, or where this layer has been destroyed by an extensive burn, the process of healing is very significant. From the subjacent tissues, which in the normal order have no concern with outward growth, there is produced a new skin, or rather a pro-skin; for this substituted outward-growing layer contains no hair-follicles or other specialities of the original one. ”

“ The body is hot; breathing short; a clear mucous flows from the mouth; the parts occupied with pimples, especially the head, swell so that the animal cannot open its eyes or mouth; the fever continues; the pustules enlarge, and are filled with fluid, first thin, and then becoming thick, yellow and purulent. ”

“ Bullous lesions are not infrequently seen upon the palms and soles and other portions of the body, and in fact are much more common than in the acquired disease of adult life.
In connection with these early cutaneous manifestations a notable condition of malnutrition is usually observed, and certain characteristic symptoms resulting from affection of the mucous membranes and the osseous structures. The nasal passages are often inflamed and obstructed by an accumulation of mucus. The larynx may be affected, giving rise to a peculiar hoarse cry. ”

“ Myrtle remarks that he has had several cases where mauve-dyed articles of clothing have produced great local irritation, which in one or two cases has proved not only painful, but most difficult of cure. Neckties and socks have furnished obstinate forms of an eruption of an herpetic character, the base of each vesicle being painful and greatly inflamed. The eruption has, in appearance and nature, resembled shingles more than anything else, although it is, as far as my observation goes, a distinct form of skin disease. ”

“ In more severe cases the burning and itching are attended with pain, and the skin becomes of a violet or wine-red colour. There is a third degree, closely approaching frost-bite, in which the skin tends to blister and give way, leaving an indolent raw surface popularly known as a "broken chilblain." ”

“ So long as the epidermis of animals remains sound, disease germs may come in contact with it almost with impunity, but immediately on its being fissured, or a larger wound made through it, the underlying parts, the blood and soft tissues, are attacked by them. ”

“ A fresh wound, in which the lymph spaces are exposed, is somewhat more open to infection than one that has advanced to the stage of granulation, the layer of unorganized lymph and cells acting as a slight barrier to the passage of the microbes. ”

“ Cramps may be relieved by gentle frictions with the hand or with ginger-root, by a small hypodermic injection of morphia, or, these failing, by short chloroform inhalations. The surface of the body should be kept dry by wiping it with warm dry cloths, and the surface heat maintained by hot- water bottles or warmed bricks placed about the feet, legs, and flanks. The patient must not be allowed to get up to pass his stools; a warmed bed -pan should be provided for this purpose. All food should be withheld while the disease is active. ”

“ The appendages of the skin are the hair, nails, the sebaceous and sweat-glands. This complicated structure is supplied with blood-vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.
The Epidermis.—The outer layer of this is the horny layer; when a blister is formed, its fluid raises the entire epidermis from the true skin. The flat scales forming the [Pg 25] horny layer are continually being thrown off; this process of desquamation is increased by the friction of the clothes, of bathing, massage, and so forth, and is as constantly being replaced by new cells from underneath. ”