A musical figure, or figuration, refers to a short melodic or rhythmic pattern, often repeated, that serves as a foundational element in composition. Defined as a "single complete and distinct impression," it differs from motifs in that it typically appears in the background, as noted by Roger Scruton, while still holding structural importance. Authors such as Allen Forte distinguish figuration not only as instrumental techniques—like Alberti bass—but also as melodic ornamentation.
From Bach to Beethoven, composers have used figures to construct movements, reshaping them through repetition and variation, as seen in fugues and symphonic developments. These elements provide a sense of cohesion in instrumental music where words might fail, and their development highlights the relationship between form and expression in both classical and minimalist traditions.