Papilla (anatomy)

“ It is more common to meet with a condition in which the patient complains of severe burning or aching pain in the region of the foliate papilla, which is situated on the edge of the tongue just in front of the anterior pillar of the fauces. The patient is usually a middle-aged, neurotic woman, and often with a gouty or rheumatic tendency. The pain, for which it is seldom possible to discover any cause, is usually worst at night, and may last for months, or even years. ”

“ The tongue is very dry while the affection is at its height. Close examination of the parts and microscopic inspection of papillæ removed for the purpose are said to show that the spores of the cryptogam are first developed at the base of the papillæ, separating them from each other. The irritation produced by the parasite causes longitudinal hypertrophy of the papilla, and the continued growth of the parasite produces a muff-like envelopment of the papilla ”

“ There is no attempt on the part of nature to form an adventitious cord on the left side. The normal arytenoid drew the normal cord over, approximately to the edge of the cicatricial tissue of the operated side. The voice, at first a very hoarse whisper, eventually was fairly loud, though slightly husky and inflexible. 9, The pharynx seen one year after laryngectomy for endothelioma in a man aged sixty-eight years. The purple papilla; anteriorly are at the base of the tongue, and from this the mucosa slopes downward and backward smoothly into the esophagus. ”

“ Farther down they give way to large, more or less conical papillae, which assume a considerable size, point backwards, and are covered with a somewhat horny epithelium. Similar conical, horny papillae exist also in Sphargis, in which the oesophagus, moreover, makes a long loop half round the stomach before passing into it, an absolutely unique feature. ”

“ These are called villi; they are not unlike the papillæ of the skin (Fig. 15) , if you suppose all the epidermis stripped except the bottom row of cells (d) , and the papilla itself pulled out a good deal. Fig. 18 is a sketch to illustrate the structure of a villus. The epithelium (b) , you see, is made up of a single row of cells. Beneath the epithelium, just as in the papilla of the skin, is a network of blood capillaries, shown, for convenience, in the right-hand villus only. ”

“ The layer of cells forming the papilla becomes divided into two laminæ, the outer279 of which forms a kind of investing membrane (receptaculum capitis) for the papilla. The head and suckers are now developed on the walls bounding the axial lumen of the papilla. The papilla eventually evaginates, so that the receptaculum capitis now forms the inner surface of the hollow head, which eventually becomes solid.
Our knowledge of the development of cysticerci in the wide sense of the word is limited almost exclusively to that of a few true “bladder worms” (cysticerci) ”

“ Although papillomas are primarily innocent, they may become the starting-point of cancer, especially in persons past middle life and if the papilloma has been subjected to irritation and has ulcerated. The clinical features and treatment of the various forms of papilloma are considered with the individual tissues and organs.
Adenoma.#--An adenoma is a tumour constructed on the type of, and growing in connection with, a secreting gland. In the substance of such glands as the mamma, parotid, thyreoid, and prostate, adenomas are met with as encapsulated tumours. ”

“ Papilloma.-The familiar example of a papilloma is the simple wart, which is formed by a proliferation of the squamous epithelium of the skin (fig. 3) . It seems probable that some warts are of an infective nature, for instances of direct contagion are not uncommon. Occasionally warts are pigmented, and are then liable to be the seat of a melanotic sarcoma. Papillomata are also found in the bladder (fig. 15) , as long delicate filaments growing from the bladder wall. These consist of a connective tissue core covered by a thin layer of epithelium. ”

“ Australasian Species.—With 14, 15 or 16 pairs of claw-bearing ambulatory legs, with three spinous pads on the legs, and nephridial opening of the 4th and 5th legs on the proximal pad, feet with one anterior, one posterior and one dorsal primary papilla; inner jaw without diastema, outer with or without a minor tooth. Last leg of the male with or without a large white papilla on its ventral surface for the opening of a gland, and marked papillae for the crural glands are sometimes present on other legs of the male ”

“ Papillif′erous, papillate: bearing one or more fleshy excrescences; Papill′iform, like a papilla in form.—ns. Papillī′tis, inflammation of the optic papilla; Papillō′ma, a tumour formed by the hypertrophy of one papilla, or of several, including warts, corns, &c.—adjs. Papillom′atous; Pap′illōse, full of papillæ, warty—also Pap′illous; Papill′ūlate, finely papillose.—n. Pap′illūle, a very small papilla, a verruca or a variole. [L., a small pustule, dim. of papula.]
Papillote, pap′il-ōt, n. a curl-paper, from its fancied resemblance to a butterfly. ”

“ Symptoms. To the phenomena of retinitis there is added violent injection of the capillary plexus of the papilla. The arteries of the retina are contracted while the veins are dilated and tortuous. The papilla is swollen and is said to have a woolly appearance. The vitreous may be opaque by reason of exudation or blood extravasation into its substance. Retro-ocular neuritis is usually present, and brain tumor in certain cases. Möller calls attention to the fact that with atrophy of the bulb the elliptical outline of the papilla gradually lessens and it becomes more nearly round. ”

“ They are however developed like true teeth, as a deposit between a papilla of subepidermic tissue and an epidermic cap. The substance of which they are formed corresponds morphologically to the enamel of ordinary teeth. As they grow they pierce the epidermis, and form hollow spine-like structures with a central axis filled with subepidermic (mesoblastic) cells. They disappear after the third month of larval life.
In front of the mouth two pairs of papillæ grow out, which appear to be of the same nature as the papillæ on the suctorial disc in the embryo of Lepidosteus (vide p. 115) . ”

“ They are larger in many species than in man, and, in general, the sensibility of the tongue appears to diminish in proportion to the remoteness of the subject from the human structure. The epidermoid papillæ are separated from the tongue along with the epidermis, or rather, epithelium, by maceration for a few days in vinegar. They are pyramidal in form. They are grouped round the sensitive papillæ, except on the edges and point of the tongue, where they are rare. Their base is perforated, and always gives outlet to a crypta. ”

“ The enterotome is then placed through the pylorus and the duodenum cut in the median line of its anterior wall throughout its entire length. When the duodenum is opened, the papilla, the ductus choledochus and the ductus Wirsungianus are to be carefully examined. The papilla can usually be easily found by stretching the duodenal mucosa transversely over the head of the pancreas. It lies below the middle of the head of the pancreas, and about four finger-breadths below the pylorus. ”

“ The use of the scarf skin is manifestly to protect the more delicate true skin, while at the same time it allows the waste products and used-up material to escape from the body. In the substance of the true skin are thousands of minute little bodies called papillae, which are specially concerned in the sense of touch, for the vast majority of these papillae contain the end of a small nerve. The numberless fine ridges seen on the palmar surface of the hands and fingers, and on the soles of the feet, are really rows of these papillae, covered of course by the layers of the outer skin. ”

“ The affection of the skin to which attention is now briefly called under the name of linear papilloma is somewhat rare and is described in the text books of dermatology under a variety of titles. It is frequently congenital, often develops in childhood, but may first appear in later life. ”

“ The extremely acute sensibility of the papillary body requires a covering to defend it from strong impressions. This covering is the epidermis. When it is removed, every touch is painful; the impression of the air even is very much so; it is this removal of the epidermis that produces the smarting that is felt when a blister is taken off. Observe in fact that smarting is a very frequent kind of pain, which the animal sensibility of the skin occasions when more raised than usual. ”

“ An aperture on both sides prevents drawing in the mucosa. It can be used for insufflation of ether if desired. An aspirating tube of the same design, but having a squarely cut off end, is sometimes useful for removing secretions lying close to a foreign body; for removing papillomata; and even for withdrawing foreign bodies of a soft surface consistency. It is not often that the foreign bodies can be thus withdrawn through the glottis, but closely fitting foreign bodies can at least be withdrawn to a higher level at which ample forceps spaces will permit application of forceps. ”

“ The treatment of linear papilloma consists in the use of agents which tend to destroy or remove the excrescences. In cases of recent development, where the lesions are soft, the repeated application of a saturated solution of salicylic acid in collodion will act as effectively as it usually does in the case of corns and warts, and will soon leave the affected skin in a normal condition. ”

“ They have a flattened or concave base resting directly upon the skin, with the underlying and surrounding tissue normal, slightly elevated, or inflamed and undergoing epithelial degeneration. In some cases the papillæ are much enlarged and extend up into the growth. Ordinarily, there is present but one growth, but in some instances several or a dozen or more have been observed in a single case. The face and scalp are favorite regions, and to a less degree the male genitalia. ”

“ TUMOURS OF THE GASTRIC COMPARTMENTS. Papillomata result from hypertrophy of normal papillæ; they resemble those of the pharynx and œsophagus. The growth may attain the size of a fist. It often resembles a cauliflower in appearance. When very large, such growths may cause obstruction. A very striking illustration of a papilloma of the mucous membrane is given on p. ”

“ Porcellanasteridae.—Paxillosa which have lost the anus. There is a conical prominence in the centre of the dorsal surface termed the epiproctal cone, and in the interradial angles there are vertical grooves bordered by folds of membrane produced into papillae, the so-called "cribriform organs." The marginal plates are thin and form the vertical border of the thick disc. The tube-feet have no suckers. ”

“ Its posterior end rests against the anterior surface of the transverse process of the atlas, from which it extends forwards and downwards, slightly curved, to beneath the ramus of the jaw. The duct which runs along its upper and internal border passes forwards in the usual course, lying in the inner side of the sublingual gland, to open on the outer surface of a distinct papilla, situated on the floor of the mouth, half an inch from the middle line, and midway between the lower incisor teeth and the attachment of the fraenum linguae. ”

“ The first symptoms indicative of the approaching efflux of blood occur on the Thursday, generally about noon. On each of the pink surfaces already described on the hands and feet, a vesicle is seen to commence, and to rise little by little. When completely developed, it is a rounded hemispherical prominence on the surface of the skin; its base is the same size as the pink surface on which it rests—that is, nearly an inch long, by a little more than half an inch broad. This vesicle is formed by the epidermis detached from the dermis, and elevated as a half sphere by serous liquid within. ”

“ But these formations are in fact of yet more frequent occurrence quite independently of sodomy. Such papillomas may be observed in children who have catarrhal inflammation of the rectum resulting from the presence of worms, in adults affected with hemorrhoids and in elderly men subject to prurigo of the anus.
At times it is quite impossible to discover the cause of the continual growth of such papillomas in the neighbourhood of the anus. ”

“ Among the primary papillae smaller accessory papillae are sometimes present.
The appendages of the head are the antennae, the jaws and the oral papillae. The mouth is at the hinder end of a depression called the buccal cavity, and is surrounded by an annular tumid lip, raised into papilliform ridges and bearing a few spines (fig. 2) . Within the buccal cavity are the two jaws. They are short, stump-like, muscular structures, armed at their free extremities by a pair of cutting blades or claws, and are placed one on each side of the mouth. ”

“ In grave and severe cases these pustular lesions may extend deeply into the mucous tracts, involving the trachea, bronchi, or alimentary canal. In an autopsy made by the writer on the body of a male subject dead of unmodified variola, there was no portion of the alimentary canal from the mouth to the anus which was not studded by thickly-set pustules. The urethra, vagina, vulva, external auditory canal, and conjunctivæ are, in severe cases, similarly involved. According to Kaposi, the tympanum is usually exempt. ”

“ In the largest Emperor embryo feather papillae occur all over the hind-quarters and on the legs to within a short distance of the tarsal joint. Beyond the tarsal joint even in the largest embryo no attempt had been made to produce the papillae which in older penguin embryos represent, and ultimately develop into, the scaly covering of the foot. The absence of papillae on the foot implied either that the scale papillae were fundamentally different from feather papillae or that for some reason or other the development of the papillae destined to give rise to the foot scales had been retarded. ”