Blue vitriol

“ Externally slight solutions of blue vitriol, as two or three grains to an ounce of water, applied to ulcers of the mouth, or to chancres on the glans penis, more powerfully induces them to heal than any other material.
Where the lungs or urethra are inflamed to a considerable degree, and the absorption is so great, that the mucus is already too thick, and adheres to the membrane from its viscidity, opiates and bitter vegetable and austere acids are improper; and mucilaginous diluents should be used in their stead with venesection and torpentia. ”

“ A few ounces of blue vitriol are dissolved in boiling water, and when cold the solution is poured into the tumbler, and the porous cell to contain the mixture of eight parts water to one of sulphuric acid is made by rolling the brown paper three or four times round the ruler and closing the end, and fixing the side with a little sealing wax. The porous cell of brown paper is now filled with the dilute acid, and placed in the tumbler containing the solution of blue vitriol, the amalgamated zinc being arranged in the paper cell, and the attached seal in the copper solution ”

“ This mineral being moistened and exposed to the air, a crust is formed upon it, which is afterwards dissolved in water; and from this the crystals of vitriol are obtained by evaporation.
140The principal use of vitriol is in dyeing woollen articles, hats, and other manufactures, black. It is the basis of ink, and is used in the manufacture of Prussian blue. If it be reduced to powder by the action of fire in a crucible, and mixed with powder of galls, it forms a dry portable ink. Sulphuric acid (24) may be obtained from this kind of vitriol by distillation. ”

“ Blue solution of Hungarian vitriol, and brown ley of potash, make yellow. Blue solution of Hungarian vitriol, and red tincture of roses, make black; and blue tincture of cyanus, and green solution of copper, produce red.
Curious Experiment on Rays of Light.
That the rays of light flow in all directions from different bodies, without interrupting one another, is plain from the following experiment:—Make a little hole in a thin plate of metal, and set the plate upright on a table, facing a row of lighted candles standing near together ”

“ Added to an infusion of balm, marjoram, and bugloss, it would cure headache and vertigo; with rose water, fevers; with fumitory water, itch; with fennel water it would restore decayed memory; with plantain water it was a remedy against diarrhœa; and with lettuce water it became a narcotic. “A rare fellow,” quaintly comments the doctor. Homberg’s narcotic salt of vitriol was a combination of green vitriol and borax made after a very complicated process. The Gilla Vitrioli was a purified white vitriol used as an emetic. Spiritus Vitrioli dulcis was an imitation of Hoffmann’s Anodyne. ”

“ White vitriol is chiefly manufactured in Germany.
It is used in medicine; and is employed in great quantities by varnishers, to make their oil varnishes dry more readily than they otherwise would. A fine white colour, called zinc-white, which is more durable 142than white lead, is prepared from it. Dyers use a considerable quantity of white vitriol to render deeper the colours produced by madder, cochineal, and other substances.
A pleasing experiment is made by mixing in a phial a small quantity of solution of white vitriol with a little liquid ammonia. ”

“ In this experiment the violet nerves do not come into play to any great extent. If the green square is placed on a blue ground the image becomes violet, for the reason that the blue light which is presented to the fatigued retina acts, as explained in Chapter IX., on the green and violet nerves; but the green nerves being already fatigued, the action is mostly confined to the violet nerves, and hence the corresponding sensation. In this case the red nerves hardly come into play at all. ”

“ Of these crystals he says: “A more beautiful appearance can hardly be imagined, and I am afraid I shall never see the like again.” He also noticed the formation of the dark brown compound which nitric oxide forms with a solution of green vitriol, and adds:—
“To determine whether the phenomena attending the impregnation of the solution of green vitriol with nitrous air depended in any measure upon the seeming astringency of that solution ... ”

“ If the arterial blood of such a fœtus be of a dark colour, resembling that in the veins of a grown person, we must look upon this to be natural to it, and we may as well inquire why a rose is red, or an iris blue, as why the blood is of a dark, and not of a bright red. But, if we find this dark red change to a bright scarlet in the arteries, as soon as the child has breathed, we have as much reason to conclude that the air occasions this superior redness, as that an acid is the cause of a red colour in the syrup of violets, or an alkali of a green colour in the same. ”

“ He thought that those who were troubled by unpleasant spirits at home, would find relief by pouring one ounce of vitriol upon two ounces of finely-powdered nitre in a saucer and putting the mixture under the bed. Here is a scientist, whose reputation extends over two continents, who gives a recipe to drive away bad spirits. ”

“ It is so delicate a membrane, that there is some difficulty in preserving it for exhibition unless the eye is quite fresh. Under the retina lies the choroid coat, which is nothing more than a plexus of blood vessels, covered with a mucus substance of different colours. In the human eye it is black, which is the cause of the human pupil, or apple of the eye, appearing black; but in the horse it is variegated with mucus of a purple, a blue, a green, and a black colour, which, blending together, causes the pupil to appear of a dark blue colour. ”

“ I have noticed that the vitreous body becomes shrunken and extraordinarily tough, so much so that when an eye is excised (either for glaucoma or for iridocyclitis following Mahomedan operation) , the whole globe can be held up by a strabismus hook transfixing the vitreous, though the latter appears perfectly clear. ”

“ Spirits of the Oyl of Vitriol, and Precipitated by the Volatile Salt of the Spirit of Urine, which makes it the more probable, that the Redness drawn by the Oyl of Vitriol, was at least as well an extraction of the Tinging parts of the Roses, as a production of Redness; and lastly, if you be destitute of Spirit of Urine, you may change the Colour of the Tincture of Roses with many other Sulphureous Salts, as a strong Solution of Pot-ashes, Oyl of Tartar, &c. which yet are seldome so free from Feculency, as the Spirituous parts of Urine becomes by repeated Distillation. ”

“ Clean boot tops with one ounce of white vitriol, and one ounce of oxalic acid dissolved in a quart of warm water. Apply with a clean sponge. Or, sour milk, one pint; gum arabic, half an ounce; juice of a lemon, white of an egg, and one ounce of vitriol, well mixed.
2249. Boot-top Liquid (2)
Oxalic acid and white vitriol, of each one ounce; water, one pint and a half. To be applied with a sponge to the leather, previously washed, and then wiped off again. This preparation is poisonous.
2250. Care of Gloves
Nothing looks worse than shabby gloves ”

“ The old man raised his hands and looked at them in astonishment.
"How extraordinary," he murmured. "What do you make of that, doctor?"
"It is nothing," I assured him. "It is only pigmentation caused—er—caused by some harmless germ."
"I know what it is," cried Alice suddenly. "It's the Blue Disease. Father, you remember the Perrys were telling us about it yesterday at lunch. They said it was all over Birmingham, and that they had come south partly to escape it. They must have brought the infection with them." ”

“ It may be permitted, however, to observe, that the most discerning practitioners may be led into a notion, that a very safe medicine does harm, when it is exhibited at the worst stage of a disease, in which hardly any medicine whatever has been found to do good. In every stage of this disease, elixir of vitriol may be used. It is a pleasant and safe medicine, but particularly efficacious when the patient is troubled with wasting sweats. ”

“ The last and greatest achievement of medical science is not recorded in these pages. It is only recorded in ourselves. For that blue pigmentation in your eyes and fingers is due to the Sarakoff-Harden bacillus which closes once and for all the chapter of medicine. ”

“ The very short waves at the blue end of the spectrum excite katabolism of the red-green substance, and thus give violet by adding red to blue. The sensation orange is experienced when there is excess of katabolism, and greenish blue when there is excess of anabolism in both substances. Again, when all the rays of the spectrum fall on the retina, katabolism and anabolism in the red-green and yellow-blue matters are equal and neutralize each other, but katabolism is great in the white-black substance, and we call the sensation white. ”

“ I find the vitreous body to be composed of prisms and pyramids with axial fibers, while the long pigment cells (supporting cells of Schewiakoff) are continued into the vitreous body, and becoming narrowed into a non-pigmented fiber, [54] extend to the lens as described. The prisms and pyramids are, further, the distal continuations of cells whose pigmented and nuclear parts lie in the so-called retina, but which, together with the vitreous body, I have named the retina proper. ”

“ Light scattered by such particles will therefore always contain a preponderance of the waves which produce the sensation of blue. During its transmission through the turbid medium the white light is more and more robbed of its blue constituents, the transmitted light which reaches the eye being therefore complementary to the blue. ”

“ We should have done the horrid thing at night and let it work while we all slept in the tents, but the chemist warned us not to dream of attempting it in anything like dusk or darkness. Each person has to be told off to stand ready in one room with their allowance of vitriol, and the prussic acid safely fastened up in a paper bag, tied at the mouth with a long piece of string, so that you can drop it into the vitriol and get away before the fumes suffocate you ”

“ The abundance of colouring matter in the pigment cells and granules of the choroid gives the latter the dark bluish brown colour.
The little light which reaches the sclerotic, and returns from it across the strongly-pigmented choroid, causes the blood in the vessels in the retina to appear dull red; while in the optic disc the blood has a brilliant red colour through the light returning from the white and opaque con- nective tissue of the optic nerve. The contrast in colour between the arteries and veins of the retina is well marked. ”

“ The strong, aqueous, hydrofluoric acid obtained by the action of oil of vitriol on fluor-spar, is a densely fuming, volatile, colourless liquid, which boils at 60° F., and remains unfrozen at 4°. It combines with water so greedily, and evolves so much heat in doing so, as to give rise to a hissing noise like that produced when a red-hot iron is plunged into cold water. ”

“ I was stunned by the fact that that mad experiment of ours should have had such a sudden and strange result. It produced in me a fear that was far worse to bear than the vague anxiety I had felt ever since those fatal tubes of the Sarakoff-Harden bacillus had been emptied into the lake. I stumbled into the drawing-room and threw myself upon a chair. My legs were weak, and my hands were trembling.
"Alice," I said, "you must not allow this [Pg 94] to distress you. The Blue Disease is not dangerous." ”

“ And although many may think to force such a Spirit out of Metals as is drawn out of Vitriol, yet they err, because every Vitriol distilled per se besides the Phlegm, acid Spirit, and heavy Oil, yields also a volatile Spirit, which may be very much subtilized by rectification, but it hath no comparison at all, nor likeness with my new-invented volatile humid Spirit of Metals; because the above mentioned volatile Spirit of Vitriol, consisteth onely of a subtile salt Spirit and spiritual Sulphur, which may sufficiently be demonstrated. ”

“ They must provide themselves with absolute indigo, by an expensive and troublesome process, not suited to the busy bleacher. The vitriolage, as the French term it, or the souring of the English bleacher, consists in immersing the goods for four hours in dilute sulphuric acid, containing one gallon of oil of vitriol to from 25 to 30 of water, thoroughly intermixed by stirring; for the density of the acid is an obstacle to its equal distribution through the water. This dilute acid will have a density of from 1·047 to 1·040, and will contain from 7 to 61⁄2 per cent. ”

“ Our next group is a still more difficult one, for in it no fundus reflex can be obtained. It embraces a number of conditions which may be shortly dealt with in turn: (1) Those in which the vitreous body has been converted into a more or less highly organised inflammatory exudate, which is impenetrable to82 the light of the ophthalmoscope. (2) Those in which this vitreous exudate has contracted inflammatory adhesions to the retina, and by its shrinkage has determined the total detachment of that membrane. (3) Those in which the vitreous chamber has become filled with blood. ”

“ In this case the retinal apparatus which has not been stimulated by the red sensation will be capable of the maximum stimulation by the feeble white light, whilst that part which has suffered fatigue will not respond so freely to the red contained in the white light. If we abstract a certain amount of red from the spectrum, its recombination will give a white tinged with greenish blue, which is a counterpart of the colour we feel when the eyes have been fatigued by the red light. ”