Bromide

“ They come inevitably as the alarm clock; when the hands of circumstance touch the hour, the bromidic remark will surely go off.
But, lest one make too much of this particular symptom, let us consider a few other tendencies. The Bromide has no surprises for you. When you see one enter a room, you must reconcile yourself to the inevitable. No hope for flashes of original thought, no illuminating, newer point of view, no sulphitic flashes of fancy—the steady glow of bromidic conversation and action is all one can hope for. He may be wise and good, he may be loved and respected—but he lives inland ”

“ HYDRO′BENZANIDE. White crystalline mass, obtained from oil of bitter almonds by treatment with ammonia.
HYDROBRO′MIC ACID. See Bromide.
Hydrobromic Acid. (HBr.) Syn. Hydric Bromide, Hydrogen Bromide.
Prep. This very powerfully acid gaseous body may be prepared as follows:—1. By decomposing bromide of potassium with a concentrated solution of phosphoric acid. 2. By decomposing bromide of phosphorus by means of a small quantity of water.
Hydrobromic acid gas is colourless and non-inflammable; it extinguishes flame. It is extremely irritating to the lungs when breathed. ”

“ Nerve sedative; diminishes reflex excitability and depresses the motor area of the cortex. Similar to sodium bromide, but more likely to disturb digestion.
Dosage: 1 Gm. or 15 grains (U.S.P.) ; preferably administered by itself in simple dilute solutions; increased if necessary. Long-continued administration should be [Pg 170] interrupted occasionally to prevent bromism and accumulation in the system.
Elixir Potassii Bromidi (Elix. Pot. Brom.) , Elixir of Potassium Bromide, N.F.—Potassium bromide (17.5%) in syrup, water and aromatic elixir; may be colored with compound tincture of cudbear. ”

“ In order to free the bromide of spiroil from excess of bromine and hydrospiroil, it must be kept melted in a water-bath so long as acid fumes are given off. Bromide of spiroil is exactly similar to the chloride of spiroil in all its properties; it is quite insoluble in water, and is easily soluble in aether and alcohol. By the spontaneous evaporation of the alcoholic solution it is obtained crystallized; bromide of spiroil melts at a rather higher temperature than the chloride, and like the latter may also be entirely sublimed: when boiled with water it evaporates unaltered. ”

“ Combination Transfer.—The process just described permits the transfer of all that was in the bromide print. If, however, it is a question of improving the inadequate gradation of a bromide print from a long-scale negative, we must use other means. Bromide [166] paper has only a limited scale of tones and therefore cannot reproduce the full modulation of a negative of full gradation. If the details in the shadows are to be retained in such a case, then the high lights will appear bare; if well-modeled high lights are desired, then we risk blocked-up shadows. ”

“ The finished bromoil print, produced by a perfectly even application of ink over the whole picture by means of successive additions, each thoroughly worked over with the brush, differs from the original bromide print in coloration, structure, more extended gradation, and change in the character of its surface. As the worker is at liberty to stop at any desired stage of the work, he can obtain from the original bromide print, according to his taste, a delicate light-toned bromoil or a very rich and highly modulated print, or any intermediate stage between these two extremes. ”

“ If the worker himself does not know that his silver bromide print is faulty, he is inclined to ascribe the difficulties which he finds in making the bromoil print and his dissatisfaction with the results, to the bromoil process itself. Most of the unsatisfactory results in bromoil work must be ascribed to the imperfect quality of the bromide print which is used, and this is the more important as this lack is not perceptible to the eye after the bleaching is completed. ”

“ Action of Potassium and Sodium Bromide.—They are distinguished depressants of the cerebral and spinal functions, also hypnotic, anaphrodisiac, antispasmodic and alterative. The bromide of potash, like all other potassium salts, is especially a cardiac and muscular paralyzant. They are very diffusible and slowly eliminated; long continued doses produce gastric catarrh. [135] They reduce the number of respirations and the heart’s action and force; lessen activity of brain cells, producing sleep; diminish sensibility of peripheral nerves, causing anesthesia of the skin and mucous membrane. ”

“ Broadly speaking, all bromide papers are made in a few well-defined varieties; in considering the manipulation of the papers made by a single firm, therefore, we practically cover all the papers in the market. As a matter of convenience, then, we will glance over the different varieties of bromide paper available, as represented by the Eastman papers, with the understanding that what is said of any one variety is generally applicable to papers of the same sort put out by other manufacturers. ”

“ They coat calculating a proportion of time when they should not.
Dry Quick, No. 2.—Bromide of Lime and Magnesia.—To one quart of hydrate of lime add one quart of magnesia, and mix them well together; add bromine same as in preparing bromide of lime; coat the same as over dry quick No. 1. This combination produces very uniform results, and is worked with much success by beginners.
Chloro-Bromide of Lime.—To the bromide of lime add chloride of bromine until the mixture becomes a pale yellow color, resembling sulphur. ”

“ Bromide or platinum paper may be bought of any dealer in photographic supplies; both papers are good, the bromide being the easiest for the experimenter; bromide may be developed with eikonogen and fixed in the same way as a plate, but before the print is fixed it must be flowed with a bath made of acetic acid, 1 dr., and water, 32 oz., according to the directions which accompany the paper; 4-by-5 bromide paper costs 25c. a dozen. The date December 15 for close of contest was a mistake. There is but one competition, and it closes February 15. ”

“ The residual potassium bromide is estimated by means of standard silver nitrate solution. Bromoform is specially suitable for this purpose for several reasons. It is very readily formed by the action of bromine and potash on acetone, and although very volatile in steam, it is not liable to loss due to its own evaporation. Further, its high molecular weight and large percentage of bromine conduce to accurate results, 58 grms. of acetone being responsible for the formation of 357 grms. ”

“ The connection between the tubing and the methyl bromide container should allow no leakage. The feed should remain in the vault for at least 24 hours. The temperature of the interior of the vault should be maintained at a minimum of 75° F. for best results. Use at least 1 pound of methyl bromide per 1,000 cubic feet of space. After the 24-hour exposure period, open vault and air it for a few hours before removing feed. Methyl bromide is toxic to human beings. ”

“ Sulphites, those who are over that age. In some dim future incarnation, perhaps, the Bromide will leap into sulphitic apprehension of existence. It is the person who is Absolutely Young who says, “Alas, I never had a youth—I don’t understand what it is to be young!” and he who is Absolutely Old remarks, blithely, “Oh, dear, I can’t seem to grow up at all!” One is a Bromide and the other a Sulphite—and this explanation illuminates the paradox. ”

“ The decomposition of 2HBr into H2 + Br2 only requires, if the bromine be obtained in a gaseous state, a consumption of about 24,000 units, whilst in the decomposition of 2HI into H2 + I2 as vapour about 3,000 heat units are evolved; [68] these facts, without doubt, stand in causal connection with the great stability of hydrogen chloride, the easy decomposability of hydrogen iodide, and the intermediate properties of hydrogen bromide. ”

“ Liquid irritants soon came to the front—xylyl bromide and xylylene dibromide—a mixture used later under the name of T. stuff, bromo-acetone and brominated methyl ethyl ketone, later introduced under the name of B. stuff and Bn. stuff. ”

“ We make, then, a solution of recrystallized silver nitrate in distilled water, containing in every 12 ounces of solution 11⁄4 ounces of the salt.
The next material we require is a soluble bromide. I have here specimens of various bromides which can be employed, such as ammonium, potassium, barium, and zinc bromides; as a rule, however, either the ammonium or potassium salt is used, and I should like to say a few words respecting the relative efficiency of these two salts.
1. As to ammonium bromide. This substance is a highly unstable salt. ”

“ Allow to stand overnight with occasional agitation.
CALIBRATION AND QUALITY CONTROL: 8.
Calibrate daily with at least six working standards over the range 0.02 to 10 mg ethyl bromide per sample. a. Add known amounts of ethyl bromide or calibration stock solution to 2-propanol in 10-mL volumetric flasks and dilute to the mark. Make serial dilutions as necessary to obtain solutions in the range 0.02 to 10 mg ethyl bromide/mL. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) , Fourth Edition, 8/15/94 ETHYL BROMIDE: METHOD 1011, Issue 2, dated 15 August 1994 - Page 3 of 4
9. ”

“ To say nothing of ether and chloroform, whose safer use Bert has investigated in France, nor of cocaine, to which I have already alluded, let us see what experiments on animals have shown us as to bromide of ethyl—an anæsthetic lately revived in surgery. Its revival has quickly been followed by its abandonment on account of the frequent sacrifice of human life—that is to say, experiments on human beings have proved it to be deadly. ”

“ Combination Printing with One Bromoil.—It is frequently not easy to reproduce perfectly in the transfer the whole scale of tones present in a given bromide print; or at least in many cases a high degree of skill must be employed. It is consequently often very much simpler to make two transfers from the same bromoil, one being inked up for the light parts, while the other is used to fill out and deepen the shadows. ”

“ For this reason the use of bromide papers with under-exposed negatives is not advisable. But there are a great many negatives which, while unsuitable as they come from the drying rack, can be easily adapted to the process by slight modifications. A very dense negative, for instance, may be reduced either with the ferricyanide of potash or persulphate of ammonia reducer; and a thin negative with proper graduations can frequently be intensified to advantage in the print. ”

“ Besides the difference of sensitiveness toward the solar spectrum, these modifications of silver bromide exhibit other characteristic differences in properties which indicate beyond a doubt that they are two essentially different modifications of the same substance. Among these are, 1st. Their unequal divisibility in gelatin or collodion solutions. The indigo sensitive silver bromide cannot be distributed through a gelatin solution, while the blue sensitive modification does so very readily. ”

“ Radium, like barium, forms an insoluble carbonate and sulphate, but a soluble nitrate and bromide. The bromide is much less stable than the chloride; on standing it evolves bromine and becomes basic. Radium has as yet been obtained in such small quantities that very few of its compounds have been prepared. ”

“ To do this take a sheet of bromide paper and cut it into strips 1 inch wide and 10 inches long; fasten a strip at a time diagonally across the board and expose the first one for say 5 minutes and then develop it, when you can usually tell about how long the exposure should be.
A Developer for Bromide Paper. —A good stock solution developer for bromide paper, velox paper, [144] films and dry plates can be made by adding these chemicals to 25 ounces of hot water in the order named and stirring in each one until it is dissolved; elon 1⁄8 ounce; desiccated sulphite of soda 17⁄8 ounces ”

“ A solution of bromine in potassic bromide solution also gives similar precipitates to the above, but it forms insoluble compounds with phenol, orcin, and other substances.
Mercuric potassic iodide is prepared by decomposing mercuric chloride with potassic iodide in excess. The proportions are 13·546 grms. of mercuric chloride and 49·8 of potassic iodide, and water sufficient to measure, when dissolved, 1 litre. The precipitates from this reagent are white and flocculent; many of them become, on standing, crystalline. ”

“ Yet these possibilities by themselves alone would not justify the conversion of the original bromide print into a bromoil. The substitution of a new photographic positive process for an old one is only justified if the new process accomplishes something essentially different and above all something better. ”

“ It is quite possible to make bromide negatives in the camera. They have their advantages in classes of work not requiring the finest definition, are much lighter, cheaper, more easily stored and less liable to breakage or other mishaps. They are best made on a thin, smooth paper, a soft paper being better than the hard. They are placed in the plate-holder by means of the ordinary cut film holder. The exposure required is ascertained by a trial or two, but roughly speaking is about one-twentieth that of a rapid plate. ”