Cylinder (machine)

“ Cylinder machines are seldom made of greater size than 13 inches by 9, and are about as powerful as an 18-inch plate machine. The latter are commonly made up to 3 and 4 feet diameter, and will, with a suitable condenser, give 15 inch sparks in air. ”

“ The roughing cylinder carries a coarse grade of sand paper, and the finishing one a finer grade. They may be driven in opposite or in the same direction, as may be necessary. The lower frame is hinged at each end to the upper frame, so that by removing a pin, either cylinder can be reached by raising the frame with the screw and worm gear, operated by a hand wheel at the end of the machine. ”

“ The motion for working the cylinder, if an independent one, should be rigid and strong; for if there is any spring in it, though the cylinder may be brought in sufficiently close when there is much cutting on the card, if a blank card or one with very little cutting on it comes on, the extra pressure on the needles, especially with a large machine, may prevent it from getting in sufficiently close to clear the hooks from the griffe. ”

“ Each cylinder is fitted with knives, or spikes—those of the outer cylinder projecting [27] towards the centre; the knives of the centre cylinder being attached to its exterior surface: when the machine is in motion the two sets of blades pass each other so that when the rags come between them the action is that of scissors. When the rags are ejected at the end of the cylinder, they pass into another cylinder of wire, through which the dust falls and leaves them in a fairly clean condition, when they are lowered through a trap-door to the boiling room below. ”

“ The small size of the cylinder allows the machine to be constructed in a very compact manner, so as to shorten the distance which the bed travels, thereby considerably increasing the number of impressions in a given time, beyond the single large cylinder press. ”

“ The paper passes between two rollers of different size. The smaller one travels faster than the larger one and consequently it slips on the paper, giving it a very smooth surface.
THE CYLINDER MACHINE FOR MAKING PAPER
There is another type of paper-making machine which is used for coarse papers, pasteboard, etc. [299] This is known as a cylinder machine. The wire gauze is formed into a cylinder which revolves in the liquid pulp. A slight suction is maintained in the cylinder which causes the water to flow in through the gauze; leaving the fiber drained on the surface. ”

“ The sheet is laid to a back mark on the tapes, and is propelled between two rollers direct into the machine. Another variety employs grippers somewhat after the manner of the ordinary single cylinder. The Anglo-French perfecting machine is one of that class. As a rule most double-cylinder presses produce on an average about 1000 copies per hour, printed both sides.
Fig. 7.—The Miehle Two-revolution Cylinder Machine.
The two-revolution machine is another one-cylinder machine built on the reciprocating principle. Its speed is greater than the Two-Revolution Machines. ”

“ It will then be necessary to repeat this process, pressing the straight-edge against cylinder c and testing the other end with cylinder d, and the cylinders thus set will be (if the end faces are true, as they should be, and usually are) more truly aligned than is possible by the use of the spirit-level. This method also brings the end faces of the cylinders in the same plane, so that each piston head will travel central in the length of the cylinder bore, approaching the cylinder covers equally, and therefore keeps the clearance equal. ”

“ The dimensions for the cylinder in the present machine are as follows:
This cylinder is carried in the batten, the latter moving in the groove provided for it under 10, Fig. I. This batten has sufficient vibratory motion to enable it to move the required distance away from the needle-board. After coming in contact with the catch it still moves until the cylinder has performed a complete turn. The cylinder is steadied in the required position by the hammer pressing by the means of a spring towards the lantern from below.
THE HAMMER.
Fig. ”

“ A careful examination of the cards fitting on the cylinder is absolutely necessary, otherwise a wrong lifting of the hooks destroying the cards by the pegs punching new holes would result. The cylinder with cards perfectly cut must be set so as to allow the needles to penetrate into the centre of the holes stamped for them in the card. Sometimes the cylinder is set too high or too low—too far in front or too far in rear. To ascertain the proper position, lift the machine and place some paint, or grease from the machine, on the heads of the needles. ”

“ The spindles have fixed center-to-center distances as the machine is intended for constant use on cylinders of one size, so that adjustment is not necessary. Of course, a special machine of this kind is only used in shops where large numbers of cylinders of one design are required continually. Some cylinder boring machines of the vertical type have spindles which can be adjusted for different center-to-center distances if this should be necessary in order to accommodate a cylinder of another size. ”

“ This method insures all the accuracy the subject is capable of; for if the cylinder is cast ever so crooked, the machine will bore it straight and true, provided there is metal enough to form the required cylinder by cutting away the superfluities. ”

“ The “master” cylinder is placed on a machine which also rotates a blank cylinder at a short distance from and parallel to the first. Over the “master” record passes a reproducing point, which is connected by delicate levers to a cutting point resting on the “blank,” so that every movement of the one produces a corresponding movement of the other.
This method, though accurate in its results, is comparatively slow. The moulding process is therefore becoming the more general of the two. Edison has recently introduced a most beautiful process for obtaining negative moulds from wax positives. ”

“ When any part of a line requires a dot or mark to be made, the Machine strikes a blow there; and when no impression is to be made, the Machine (by means that will be shewn) suffers the cylinder to pass that place without striking. The means of regulating this is committed to workmen who merely know how to read off the pattern in it’s length, as it is now read off in it’s width by the weaver. To describe the construction of the Machine, (as exhibited in figs. 3 and 4 of Plate 50) A is the cylinder to be engraved; and B is a worm-wheel fixed to it’s mandril, and destined to turn it. ”

“ All being dry and warm, clamp the machine to a table and turn the handle. If you have carefully followed these instructions, your knuckle will receive a spark as soon as you apply it to the ball of the prime conductor; and the handle of the machine will turn more stiffly as you progress. If your cylinder becomes too greasy, wipe it clean and apply a little more amalgam. If it does not work quite right at first, see that some pointed thing on the table is not drawing the electricity away; even a hair will affect the working, so keep a good look-out for fragments of cotton and fluff. ”

“ At each side of the Machine (see figs. 1 and 2) is fixed on a centre i, a short lever k l, the bent end of which (l) rises just to the brass step which carries the mandrel of the cylinder a, and is formed so as to push that step inward, when it’s end k is pressed outward; which latter motion is occasioned by the screw m n, which goes all across the Machine, and performs the same office on either side as wanted. This then, is another economy of time and pains; this setting being usually done by passing round the Machine, from one side to the other. ”

“ To increase the power of the machine you can, if you like, glue a strip of tinfoil along the bottom of the rubber, connecting it by a small chain to a hook at its back, from which hook a chain hung on to the nearest gaspipe affords the best connection with the earth. The upright (Fig. 8) is affixed to a foot in which a slide has been cut as shown at K in Fig. 9, where N is the position of the screw and L is the hole for the upright, so that it can be slipped backwards and forwards until the right pressure against the cylinder is obtained. ”

“ The cylinders for a right handed propeller should be on the starboard side of the vessel, so that the pressure on the piston, when the engine is going ahead, shall be in a direction to lift the trunk in the cylinder, and thus act to relieve the gland and cylinder bore of the weight of the trunk and piston.
An oscillating engine is one in which the cylinder is mounted on bearings called trunnions, so that the cylinder can swing and keep its bore and the piston pointing to the crank at all parts of the engine revolution. This enables the connecting rod and slide bars to be dispensed with. ”

“ By varying the speed of the cylinder any of the above sounds may be obtained with accuracy. The puffing of an engine is made by revolving a cylinder with projections against a steel brush; the crash of china, pots and pans, &c., is due to the revolution of a shaft on which are mounted a series of tappets striking against hammers, which in turn come into contact with a number of steel plates. The crackling of a machine gun is caused by turning a shaft having tappets which strike and lift up wooden laths, subsequently releasing them to strike smartly against the framework of the machine. ”

“ In setting up a new engine it is obvious that if the flanges of the cylinder are planed parallel with its bore and at the proper distance from its axial line, and the pillow block is made of the proper height, a line stretched axially true with the cylinder bore will pass through the centre of bore of pillow-block brasses, or be equal in height from the engine bed ”

“ These machines have a great number of cylinders of different sizes covered with wire cards of various degrees of fineness, so arranged that they take the wool from one another, separating the fibres, and transferring it until it has passed quite over every cylinder, and is carded out at the farther end of the machine (sixteen or eighteen feet from where it was put in) in a thin flake like gauze. ”

“ We supply special Underscreens and Feed Plates for long staple cotton.
ADJUSTABLE CYLINDER PEDESTALS—The bearings for the Cylinders are made of phosphor bronze and the pedestals are adjustable either vertically or horizontally. This is a very important point, because the concentricity of the Cylinder with the Bends can be maintained as the bearings wear. The construction of our Card side is such that a very rigid support is given to the pedestals. ”

“ Around this cylinder revolve several smaller cylinders, similarly clothed, called workers, which continually remove the wool from the main cylinder, separating the fibers and combing them. From the workers, as they become saturated with wool, it is removed by another roll with longer teeth, called the "fancy," which revolves at a higher speed. The carded wool is then removed by the "doffer," and passes on to the second and third machine, to undergo the same process twice more, each time by finer card clothing, until it is finally removed by a pair of small rollers called condensers. ”

“ The cylinder, about eighteen inches in length and ten in diameter, is then made red hot, and whilst in this state is placed in the grip of a powerful machine, which by a series of blows, equally distributed over every part, converts it into the likeness of a French bottle in less than five minutes, without the slightest sign of crumpling in any portion of the surface. The operation can only be compared to the manner in which a potter shapes a vessel upon the wheel. No less than forty machines are employed on this special manufacture, and upwards of a hundred shells can be turned out daily. ”

“ The main points considered in the design of this 30-inch cylinder were, more thorough opening of the cotton, greater production without injury to the staple, and better cleaning.
These Cylinders are made from steel boiler plates, and the steel fingers are fastened on by rivets. These fingers are so arranged that in one revolution they strike all points along the entire width of the feed rolls. In case of accident to fingers, caused by some hard substance getting into the machine, the damaged fingers can be easily replaced. ”

“ On the other hand, using a card having every hole of the cylinder punched, (or the empty cylinder used) , would lift every needle in the machine. Pressing the needles towards the rear compresses the springs; these will again expand as soon as the cylinder leaves the needle-board. The hooks, which were left standing in their position over the griffe-bars are caught by the latter at the raising of the griffe. The elevation of these hooks raises the leashes fastened to them, thus causing the lifted warp-threads to form a shed with those not lifted. ”

“ After the cranks are on their places the keys may be fitted, care being taken that, if the crank last put on had to be moved to adjust it, the sides of the keyways be filed even, otherwise driving the key will tend to move the crank.
Fitting Engine Cylinders. [35] —When engine cylinders are made in quantities, as in locomotive building shops, a great deal of the fitting work is saved by the machine work; but when a single cylinder or a pair of cylinders only are to be fitted up it will not pay to make jigs and appliances; hence, they are usually fitted up entirely by hand. ”