Muster roll

“ A cylinder, or roll, C, furnished with a series of steel knives, rotates in one of the divisions formed by the midfeather, and the floor of the trough in this division is inclined in such a manner as to cause the pulp, as it travels, to pass under the roll. Beneath the roll is the bed-plate, which is fitted with a series of steel knives c c similar to those on the exterior of the roll. ”

“ Even the spray from water which is run upon roll-necks may cause these checks in steel that is passing through the rolls, so that it is better to put up a guard to deflect such water away from the body of the roll. ”

“ The beater roll, a heavy cast-iron roll provided with projecting knives or blades arranged in clumps of three around the circumference, and supported on bearings at each side of the engine, revolves above the bedplate with the knives adjusted to any required distance from it, the raising or lowering of the beater roll for this purpose being effected by the use of adjustable bearings. ”

“ You ought to make a very small flame, if you leave the top of the tumbler open."
"How can we make a small flame?" said Rollo.
"One good way," replied Miss Mary, "is to roll up some paper into a very small roll. I will show you how."
So Miss Mary took a piece of paper, and cut it into the proper shape with her scissors, and then rolled it up into a long and very slender roll; one end of it was not much larger than a large knitting-needle. She gave this to Rollo, and told him that, if he tried the experiment again, he must light the small [140] end, and it would make a flame not so big as a pea. ”

“ The elbow-pieces of this finish consist of two rolls made of muslin; they are thinner towards the front of the seats. [140] After being stuffed, a piece of muslin 8 inches wide is sewed on all the length to the bottom of the roll, which serves, after the roll is tacked to the door-pillar and back, to give it the required sweep in stretching and tacking it to the sides of the body. Then mark on the roll the width of the pipes, and cut the cover for it, allowing 1 inch of width ”

“ Fig. 82—Leather binding with fern motive done in the Düsseldorf Technical School.
So far, we have dealt with the preparation for finishing and tooling with a roll. Besides this tool there are fillets, gouges, and dies, all nearly the same, being dies, and only differing in shape. Nearly all beginners are unreasonably afraid to use the gouge. Any one able to use the roll properly will have little difficulty with the gouges. A genuine technical difficulty does arise when only a small portion of a curve may be worked (which frequently happens) on account of its having to be joined to another. ”

“ The rubber covered rolls B and C carry the ink and are positively driven. The small roll D, while revolving by frictional contact with roll C, is also vibrated sidewise by a cam-driven lever E, so as to distribute the ink uniformly. The rolls are run on steel centers and can be so adjusted as to center any given pattern on the goods.
All the roll carriers are fitted in a taper groove which is planed to the full length of the frame bed, so that the pressure of the different rolls can be accurately adjusted. The machines are easily operated and print 12,000 to 15,000 yards of web a day. ”

“ The advantages of this form of beater are that a quicker and more thorough circulation of the pulp takes place than when the roll has to do the double duty of making the pulp travel and beating it up at the same time, and thus tends to reduce the time of the operation. Also more bars can be fixed in the roll, increasing its effect on the pulp, and less power is required than when the roll revolves in the middle of the stuff as in the ordinary form of beater. ”

“ In the case of postage stamps, where it is desired to exactly duplicate the design many times on a plate, recourse is had to transfer rolls. A transfer roll is a piece of soft steel, in shape a cross section of a cylinder. The edge is sufficiently wide to receive an impression from the die. ”

“ If the roll was too hot, the gold would have no brilliance, and if too cold, would appear broken. Calf requires the same heat as cloth, but quick working, especially on first applying the tool. The roll has a long handle which rests against the shoulder whilst held in the right hand. When getting into position for an impression the thumb-nail of the left hand is used as a guide and support.
Fig. 80—Leather binding by Oswald Kob, Bozen.
A line around a cover is marked out correctly with dividers and folder, picked out with size, and printed in gold in the same way. ”

“ Every day they are rebound tighter and tighter, the operator sitting on the ground with the cord twisted round a post, and winding and tightening with all his strength, till at length the roll has become compressed into a solid mass about an inch in diameter, and gradually tapering towards each end. ”

“ The molten metal flows on to the surface of the large roller and is prevented from escaping sideways by flanges with which the large roller is provided. These flanges embrace the small rollers and are of a depth greater than that of the thickest plate which it is proposed to roll. The distance between the large roller and the small rollers can be adjusted according to the desired thickness of the plate. When dealing with metals of high melting point, such as steel, the first small roller is made of refractory material and is heated from inside by the flame of a blow pipe. ”

“ The intermediate and smooth rolls can be arranged to travel more quickly, but the maximum comfortable speed for proper feeding and control appears to be about 25 revolutions per minute on even-speed rolls. In view of the fact that the rubber at each successive machine becomes longer and thinner, it will be seen that a smooth-roll machine could not cope with the output of a macerator in the same period of time. ”

“ The rolling machines through which the ingots are passed are adjustable, the space between the rollers being governed by the operator. About two hundred ingots are run through per hour on each pair of rollers.
When the rolling is completed the strip of metal is about six feet long. As it is impossible to roll perfectly true, it is necessary to “draw” these strips, after being softened by annealing. The drawing benches resemble long tables, with a bench on either side, at one end of which is an iron box secured to the table. In this are fastened two perpendicular steel cylinders. ”

“ The consequence is, that immediately the bearings begin to wear, the rolls are not then in parallel plane with each other, and the longer they work the worse they get; until they only grind a small distance in the centre of the roll, causing the machine not only to perform imperfect work, but the rolls to wear hollow in the centre. ”

“ Roll one half into a compact cylinder, and fold the other into a close, flat strip; support the ends of each and hang weights in the middle until they bend. The superior strength of the roll will astonish one unfamiliar with this mechanical principle. ”

“ Scratch rolls very finely grooved are used for cracking impure semolina or for reducing the tailings of purifiers. The latter often hold fragments of bran, which are best detached by rolls grooved about 36 to the inch and run at a differential of 3 to 1. The reduction requires even more roll surface than the break system. To do first-class work a mill should have at least 35 to 40 in. on the breaks and 50 in. on the reduction for each sack of 280 ℔ of flour per hour. Many engineers consider 100 to 110 in. on the break, scratch and smooth rolls not too much. ”

“ As a matter of economy, sometimes the back is run up; that is, instead of stopping where the lines or bands intersect, the roll is run up the back from one end to the other, without stopping; and, after wiping the gold off along the joint outside the fillet, it is run across the back on each side of the bands, and head and tail in the same manner. After the back is mitred, the finisher will proceed with the ornamental tools, and work them carefully off. ”

“ When the wheels have traversed half the length of the roll, the screws k are operated to lower it again, it being found that the effect of a slight operating of the screws k is so small that the workman’s judgment may be relied upon to use them to give to a roll with practical accuracy any required degree of enlarged diameter at the middle of its length with sufficient accuracy for all practical purposes. ”

“ The principle of mounting the rollers of most machines, is that the centre roll shall revolve in fixed bearings, and the two outer ones shall revolve in bearings made to slide backward and forward in grooves in the framework. There is no means of adjusting the rollers in order to keep them in perfect parallel plane, or to compensate for the wear of the brasses. ”

“ The distance between the knives of the roll and the bed-plate is regulated by levelling screws, which are so adjusted that both ends of the roll are raised at the same time, which is a great improvement upon the older types of breaking engines in which only one end of the roll was raised, whereby the knives became unequally worn. ”

“ When he had finished reading he rolled it back upon the umbilīcus, usually holding it under the chin and turning the cornua with both hands. In the case of a long roll this turning backward and forward took much time and patience and must have sadly soiled and damaged the roll itself. The early rolls were always long and heavy. There was theoretically no limit to the number of sheets that might be glued together, and consequently none to the size or length of the roll. ”

“ The rolls must be kept free from oil at all times. About once each month they should be removed and washed with soap and water to remove all oil, and freshen the rubber. The rubber roll may be livened up by the use of course sandpaper, rubbing from end to end and turning the roll so it does not become flat. ”

“ The top roll is provided with setting-down blocks and brasses, compound [191] levers and weights to regulate the pressure required. The two rolls are geared together by strong shrouded wheels, and driven by a strong cast-iron spur-wheel and pinion, a driving-shaft, fast and loose pulleys, carried by cast-iron stands and pedestals fitted with brass steps. The machine is fitted with two metal feed-tables, and a self-acting apparatus for returning the sheets to the rolls, and a handle-lever, slide-bar, and strap-forks for starting and reversing. ”

“ In addition to the eight rolls of paper already mentioned eight other rolls are in position, so that when any of the rolls run out the roll-carrier may be turned on a turntable, and the new roll of paper quickly pasted to the end of the depleted roll. ”

“ A representation of rolls arranged on the system which I have attempted to describe, occurs on a piece of sculpture (fig. 11) found at Neumagen near Trèves in the seventeenth century, among the ruins of a fortified camp attributed to Constantine the Great [87] . Two divisions, full of rolls, are shewn, [35] from which a man, presumably the librarian, is selecting one. The ends of the rolls are furnished with tickets.
Fig. 11. A Roman taking down a roll from its place in a library.
The system of pigeon-holes terminated, in all probability, in a cornice. ”

“ One is to roll the massive ingots directly into plates between tremendous rolls, a single pair of which, such as used in the Krupp works, are said to weigh in the rough as much as 100,000 pounds. Usually there are three great rollers arranged one above the other, and automatic tables are provided for raising and lowering the plates in their passage from one set of rolls to the other. The man in charge uses a whistle in giving the signals which direct these movements, and without the help of tongs and levers the glowing blocks move easily back and forth between the rollers. ”

“ Both these guides, however, can only be applied to metal not unusually hard, and to tools rigidly held, and having their cutting edges sufficiently close to the tool point or clamp that the tool itself will not bend and spring from the pressure of the cut. The cutting speed for chilled cast-iron rolls, such, for example, as calender rolls, is but about 7 feet per minute, and the angles one to the other of the tool faces is about 75 degrees, the top face being horizontally level, and standing level with the axis of the roll. ”

“ Never you mind!
Roll on!
Roll on, thou ball, roll on!
Through seas of inky air
Roll on!
It's true I've got no shirts to wear;
It's true my butcher's bill is due;
It's true my prospects all look blue—
But don't let that unsettle you!
Never you mind!
Roll on!
(It rolls on.) ”

“ In later heavier practice, rolls of cast steel and forged steel are becoming common. They are more costly than iron, but more durable and much lighter for equal strength. They are essential in armour 'plate rolls. The length of rolls should not exceed about four times their diameter, for otherwise they are liable to spring and produce plates thicker at the centre than towards the edges. ”

“ They took a whole piece of thin, cheap muslin, to each side of which they pasted a covering of the finest white paper by passing the three layers between iron rollers. The paper and muslin were in rolls many hundred feet long. The beautiful product of this union was then parted into strips of the proper width and dried, then passed through hot metal rollers, combining friction with pressure, whence it was delivered with a smooth, glossy, enamelled surface. The material for many thousand collars was thus enamelled in five minutes. ”

“ The mechanical action of rollers on the powder paste is a double one: not only crushing but mixing by pushing forwards and twisting sideways. The pasty mass is deflected so that it repeatedly comes under first one roller and then the next by scrapers, set at an angle to the bed, which follow each wheel. ”