Positron

“ Nitrogen takes on hydrogen, becoming oxygen fifteen, which ejects a positron and becomes nitrogen fifteen. Another hydrogen makes it oxygen sixteen, which is stable excepting in the solar conditions, where it ejects an alpha particle and reverts back to carbon again, ready to go through the same process.
"Sometimes the oxygen does not break down but takes on another hydrogen again, becoming fluorine seventeen, which breaks down by positron ejection to oxygen seventeen—and another hydrogen brings it up to fluorine eighteen, back to oxygen eighteen and up to stable fluorine nineteen. ”

“ The proton is transformed likewise into a neutron plus something else. This something else is called a positron and is identical with the electron in every respect except in having a positive instead of a negative charge. ”

“ It ignites instantly when brought in contact with water. Within that little globule of potassium, I have imbedded a pill of my own composition and discovery. The moment it is liberated from the potassium, it commences the work of decomposing the fluid on which it floats. The potassium at once ignites the liberated oxygen, and the conflagration of this mighty globe is begun. ”

“ A proton, and perhaps an electron, would be an association of such primates, superposed on each other, with their frequencies and spatial dimensions so arranged as to promote the stability of the complex organism, when jolted into accelerations of locomotion. 188The conditions for stability would give the associations of periods possible for protons. The expulsion of a primate would come from a jolt which leads the proton either to settle down into an alternative association, or to generate a new primate by the aid of the energy received. ”

“ In 1807, Sir Humphry Davy discovered the metal potassium by subjecting moistened potash to the action of a powerful voltaic battery; the positive pole gave off oxygen and the metallic globules of pure potassium appeared at the negative pole. It is never found uncombined in nature. Now if potassium is heated in cyanogen gas (a gas procured by heating mercury) or obtained on a large scale by the decomposition of yellow prussiate of potash, a white crystalline body very soluble in water, and exceedingly poisonous, is obtained. ”

“ And when animals of warm blood are made to breathe air containing as much as eight or ten per cent. of the vapour of chloroform, the blood which is passing through the lungs becomes so charged with it as to stop the action of the heart, when it reaches that organ through the coronary arteries. It is in this way that accidents from chloroform have happened. The power of this agent to arrest the pulsations of the heart can also be shewn, by blowing a stream of the vapour on its surface, when the chest is opened immediately after the breathing has ceased, and whilst it is still beating. ”

“ Several man-made radionuclides also have found their way into body tissues and organs in quantities that sometimes are large enough to be detected and counted.
Measurement of disintegrating potassium-40 atoms in the tissues of a human body can be used to determine the total amount of potassium (both radioactive and stable) in the body. It is known that potassium-40 makes up 0.0119% of all potassium and that 11% of all disintegrating potassium-40 atoms emit high-energy gamma rays that are measurable by the counter. ”

“ An increase of oxygen in the air, therefore, or pure oxygen gas, only produces an effect in certain morbid conditions, in cases of difficulty of breathing, or where breathing has been for some time suspended, because an inspiration communicates more oxygen to the blood than breathing ordinary air. A healthy person can, however, without difficulty or injury, compensate for considerable differences, and an increase or decrease of one or two per cent, of oxygen does no harm, for under ordinary circumstances we only inhale one-fourth of the oxygen in the air we breathe ”

“ The paper will be found covered with a solution of ordinary potash. If turmeric paper be used, the course of the potassium will be marked with a deep brown color.—Corollary. Hence, if you touch potassium with wet fingers you will burn them.
If a small piece of the metal be placed on a piece of ice, it will instantly take fire, and form a deep hole, which will be found to contain a solution of potash.
In consequence of its great affinity for oxygen, potassium must be kept in some fluid destitute of that element, such as naphtha. ”

“ If it is considered for a moment that the admission of gas out of the steel cylinder is made at just such a rate as to compensate for the decrease in volume of the air in the system due to the absorption of oxygen by the subject, it can be seen that if the exact volume of the gas leaving the cylinder were known it would be immaterial whether this gas were pure oxygen, oxygen with some nitrogen, or oxygen with any other inert gas not dangerous to respiration or not absorbed by sulphuric acid or potash-lime. ”

“ When we inhale air at every breath richer than usual in oxygen—for example, when breathing highly compressed air, as divers do, or laborers on the pneumatic foundations of bridge-piers—the result is not a larger consumption of matter and an increased production of carbonic acid, but merely a decrease in the number of inhalations. If in air of ordinary density we make about sixteen respirations in a minute, in air of greater density we should involuntarily make only twelve, ten, or eight, according to the density and our need of oxygen ”

“ It is found by direct experiment that a poison will not act through the medium of nerves only, but that its passage in the blood is required. Thirdly, the course of the circulation is quick enough [Pg 21] for the most rapid poison or medicine to pass quite round the body from the veins of the stomach before it begins to operate. The last and most conclusive argument to show that medicines pass out of the stomach into the system, is that they have actually been detected by chemists, not only in the blood, but in the secretions formed from the blood. ”

“ Hydrogen and chlorine,” I muttered to myself. “The dumb-bell-shaped glass vessel which is fastened under the plank contains, without doubt, these two gases, and the tin canister which rests beneath them is full of nitro-glycerine.” Yes, I knew what this combination meant. When the first glint of the sun's rays struck upon the glass vessel it would be instantly shattered. The nitro-glycerine would explode by the concussion, and the balloon and I myself would be blown into impalpable dust beyond sight or sound of the earth. ”

“ Those elements which unite with the utmost eagerness at ordinary temperatures, seem to become indifferent 272to each other when subjected to the extremes of heat and cold. Potassium unites fiercely with oxygen in the most familiar of all chemical experiments. Potassium is indeed a strange metal, for it is of such small density that a piece cast on a basin of water will float like a chip of wood. It has such avidity for oxygen that it will decompose the water to wrench the molecules of oxygen from those of hydrogen. ”

“ But the discovery of oxygen gave the clew, and very soon all the chemists were testing the air that came from the lungs—Dr. Priestley, as usual, being in the van. His initial experiments were made in 1777, and from the outset the problem was as good as solved. Other experimenters confirmed his results in all their essentials—notably Scheele and Lavoisier and Spallanzani and Davy. It was clearly established that there is chemical action in the contact of the air with the tissue of the lungs; that some of the oxygen of the air disappears, and that carbonic-acid gas is added to the inspired air. ”

“ We know also that if we accept the Atomic theory, by which so many chemical phenomena are cleared up and explained, we must admit a certain definite and peculiar arrangement and shape to the ultimate particles of every compound body. These considerations render it possible that the ultimate particles of a stimulant medicine may be of such a nature as to irritate, or to refuse to coincide with, the ultimate molecules of the sensitive nerve with which they come in contact ”

“ The specific gravity was 0·605 in one instance, and 0·798 in the other. As many of the animals died in a way resembling asphyxia, the respiration ceasing before the circulation, it might at first be supposed that we should meet with the same congestion of the lungs; but by the time that the respiration is altogether suspended by the action of chloroform, that agent has begun already to influence the heart, which does not inject the blood into the lungs with the same force as when the respiration is mechanically prevented, whilst it is in full vigour. ”

“ There were two things to be done then-- first, to replace the absorbed oxygen; secondly, to destroy the expired carbonic acid; both easy enough to do, by means of chlorate of potassium and caustic potash. The former is a salt which appears under the form of white crystals; when raised to a temperature of 400 degrees it is transformed into chlorure of potassium, and the oxygen which it contains is entirely liberated. Now twenty-eight pounds of chlorate of potassium produces seven pounds of oxygen, or 2,400 litres-- the quantity necessary for the travelers during twenty-four hours. ”

“ In Periostitis, and secondary eruptions, Iodide of Potassium is generally preferable.
Mercury, being unnatural to the blood, passes at length out of the system through the glands, and acts as an Eliminative. [Pg 329] Like Antimony it tends to increase all the secretions in the body. But whereas Antimony acts especially on the secretions of the skin and pulmonary membrane, Mercury tends particularly to excite the functions of the liver and bowels, being Cathartic and Cholagogue. Of its true eliminative action we have better proof than has yet been obtained in the case of Antimony ”

“ If spiroilic acid be slightly heated with potassium over mercury, a most violent evolution of heat and light suddenly takes place, by which the vessel is always broken with great violence. Even should excess of potassium be employed in this experiment, only a portion of the spiroilic acid is decomposed; a porous carbon is deposited, and a mixture of spiroilide of potassium and carbonate of potash is formed. ”

“ Again and again, Boone read the legend on the carton: Mekronal is an unanalyzed catalyst derived from the skeletal structure of the non-carbon chemistry life-form Helgae found on Titan. When injected into the human bloodstream, it enables man to breathe all known atmospheres, regardless of content, without toxic effect. Dosage: One ampule every thirty minutes till three ampules have been injected. Repeat weekly until return to normal oxygen-nitrogen atmosphere. ”

“ We know now well enough that the quantity of oxygen which we imbibe does not depend on the quantity in the air we breathe, but far more on previous changes in and the amount of transformation of matter in the body, which are regulated by the requirements of breathing. The inhalation of oxygen is not a primary but a secondary thing. ”

“ Thus, it was found that when alcohol was added in considerable quantity to a ten per cent. solution of peptone, the stomach-mucosa was greatly reddened, while in two hours the absorption of peptone amounted to 11.8 per cent. But in any event, these results certainly do not favor the view that the products of gastric digestion are absorbed as soon as they are formed. It is, no doubt, quite different in the intestine, but in the stomach, where pepsin-proteolysis occurs, we have, I think, no grounds for assuming that either peptones or proteoses are rapidly absorbed. ”

“ As a matter of fact it has been found possible to demonstrate, by means of intravenous introduction of large quantities of proteins and peptones, after the animals have been prepared by previous injections, that, when the blood is withdrawn immediately, not only has an alteration taken place in the original rotation of the plasma, to which nothing has been added, but also that peptones may be found in the outer fluid in the dialysation test. ”

“ Only serum and plasma which are absolutely free from hæmoglobin must be used for these experiments. To a measured quantity of serum or plasma a certain quantity, in cubic centimetres, of an albumen, peptone, or polypeptide solution, having a known composition in regard to substrates, is added; a polariscope tube is filled with the mixture, and the rotation is quickly ascertained by means of a good polariscope. The tube is then placed in an incubator, and from time to time the angle of rotation is again noted. ”

“ The establishment in Boston of an inquiry into the nutrition of man with the construction of a special laboratory for that purpose is a direct outcome of a series of investigations originally undertaken in the chemical laboratory of Wesleyan University, in Middletown, Connecticut, by the late Prof. W. O. Atwater. Appreciating the remarkable results of Pettenkofer and Voit [1] and their associates, as early as 1892 he made plans for the construction of a respiration apparatus accompanied by calorimetric features. ”

“ Quere,—Would not a powerful injecting syringe furnished with two valves, one opening into an air-holder and the other into the breathing chamber, answer the purpose of compression better than any other apparatus? Can you not, from your extensive stores of philosophy, furnish us with some hints on this subject? May not the non-respirable gases furnish a class of different stimuli? of which the oxymuriatic acid gas [chlorine] would stand the highest, if we may judge from its effects on the lungs; then, probably, gaseous oxyd of azote [nitrous oxide?] ”