Toupee

“ The skin consists of two layers, the derma, or true skin, and the epidermis, or cuticle. It is the principal seat of the sense of touch, and on the surface of the upper layer are the sensitive papillae, which receive and respond to impressions; and within, or imbedded beneath it, are organs with special functions, viz., the sweat glands, hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Its value as a means of depuration is incalculable, as by it, vast quantities of the aqueous and gaseous refuse matter is conveyed from the body. ”

“ The skin of the forehead is without hair, is well nourished, and has little adipose tissue underlying it, facts that make it especially useful for these operations. The skin surface he turns into the mouth cavity, while the outer or raw surface is covered with a pedunculated skin flap taken from the region of the intramaxillary region. ”

“ As appendages of the skin are found the hairs, the nails and the sebaceous and sweat glands.
Hair.—The hairs are found in man on the scalp, eyelids, eyebrows, armpits, pubic region, vestibule of the nose, external auditory meatus, face, ventral surface of the trunk and dorsal surfaces of the leg, forearm and hand; indeed the only places which are quite free from them are the palms of the hands, soles of the feet and the glans penis. In some places, such as the armpits, pubic region and the face of the male they grow to a considerable length at and after puberty. ”

“ I know of no other simple or single means, by which such circulation can be established and maintained in the skin, as by the constant and spirited use of the hair mittens. Besides, it will do wonders for the beauty of your face. Giving the skin of the residue of the body a free circulation, the skin of the face is not likely to be called upon to do more than its share of removing the effete matter in the system, and, therefore, is not likely to take on pimples and other evidences of impurities in the blood. ”

“ Fig. 1 shows a section of ox-hide, cut parallel with the hair, magnified about 50 diam.: a, epithelial layer or epidermis, consisting of horny layer above, and rete malpighi below; b, pars papillaris, and c, pars reticularis of corium, derma, or true skin; d, hairs; e, sebaceous or fat-glands; f, sudoriferous or sweat-glands; g, opening of ducts of sweat-glands; h, erectores pili muscles, for erecting the hair.
The fresh hide consists of 2 layers: an outer, the epidermis; and an inner, the true skin. ”

“ The cuticle, epidermis, or scarf-skin, as it is indifferently termed, is formed of cells or scales, much flattened and horny in the upper layers, rounder and plumper below. The true skin, or “cutis,” is fibrous in structure, and lies immediately beneath, the two together constituting the skin, properly so called. Beneath lies a layer of tissue filled with fatty globules, and containing the glands by which the perspiration is secreted. ”

“ The Dermis, or true skin, consists of an interlacing network of connective tissue, yellow elastic tissue corpuscles, vessels, and nerves. There are also small muscular fibres in connection with the hair follicles, and beneath the subcutaneous tissues contain an abundant supply of fat adipose tissue. Numerous ridges are seen on the surface, especially on the palm of the hand and sole of the foot, caused by rows of little elevations of the cutis vera, termed papillæ. ”

“ The skin also contains little sacs, or follicles, in which the hairs originate. In its deeper portions are found two kinds of glands; sebaceous glands for the secretion of sebaceous or fatty matter to lubricate the skin, and the perspiratory or sweat glands, the latter of which will receive a more definite description shortly.
The Cuticle, or Epidermis.—At the upper portion of the true skin, new cells are being constantly formed, which become old in a short time and are pressed outward by the formation beneath them of other new cells. ”

“ And the skin enveloping in a close case, keeps all compact, and hides from the eye whatever might be offensive: while, at the same time the cutis or true skin serves for a surface for the nerves and exhalent vessels to terminate, the cuticle or scarf skin defends them from injury, and moderates their excessive sensibility. ”

“ The skin, in which disturbances so readily occur at the time of the menarche, requires careful attention, all the more because it is precisely at this age that young girls have the greatest need of their personal charms. The skin of the face, which is often disfigured by comedones and acne, must be carefully guarded against the accumulation of sebum in the sebaceous glands by sedulous washing with warm water and a good soap. ”

“ It is a small fine Skin, transparent and insensible, having also innumerable Pores for the discharging of Sweat, and other Humours by imperceptible Transpiration: It is extended over the whole inner Skin, to dull its too exquisite Sense, by covering the Extremities of the Nerves which are there terminated. It also renders the same Skin even and smooth, and so contributes very much to Beauty. ”

“ The sebaceous glands are branching tubes ending in follicles or sacs and opening into the hair follicles, lined by a very vascular fibrous network representing the dermis, and an internal layer of cells representing the mucous layer of the cuticle. The oily secretion gives gloss to the hair and prevents its becoming dry and brittle, and keeps the skin soft and supple, protecting it at once against undue exhalation of water and undue absorption when immersed in that medium. ”

“ The hair itself arises from a cornification of the cells of the axis of one of the above processes; and is invested by a sheath similarly formed from the more superficial epidermic cells. A small papilla of the dermis grows into the inner end of the epidermic process when the hair is first formed. The first trace of the hair appears close to this papilla, but soon increases in length, and when the end of the hair projects from the surface, the original solid process of the epidermis becomes converted into an open pit, the lumen of which is filled by the root of the hair. ”

“ If the nail is cut too short, especially at the angles, while at the same time the shoe is too short or too narrow, the skin of the toe is forced over the nail, so that it necessarily happens that, by the further growth of the nail, the flesh of the toe is pushed still further over, until a point is reached where inflammation is set up. ”

“ There are large callous eminences on the skin, and the veins appear enlarged, owing to a thickening of the vessels and not to a plethora of blood. The hairs of the head, pubes, and other parts of the body, drop off. The face in particular is affected with callous tubercles or warts, and it is not uncommon for the tongue, and most parts of the body, to be also covered with them. The eyebrows are thickened, stripped of their hair, and hang down like those of the lion. ”

“ Our skin not only made our hair, teeth, and nails, but still retains in every part a trace of its nail-making powers, so that under pressure or irritation, it can thicken up into a heavy leather-like substance which we call callus. This is naturally and healthfully present in the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands. Savage, or barbarous, races who wear no shoes get the skin of their soles thickened into a regular human leather, almost {195}half an inch thick, and as tough as rawhide. ”

“ Health Shown by the Color of the Nails. Your nails and your lips are not really any redder, or pinker, than the rest of your skin; but the cells forming them are clear and transparent and allow the red blood to show through. This is why we often look at the nails and lips to see what the color of the blood is like, and how well or badly it is circulating. If the blood is anemic, or thin, then both lips and nails are pale and dull. If the blood is healthy and the circulation good, then the nails are pink, and the lips clear red. ”

“ The cuticle is, therefore, undergoing a constant process of formation and growth at its under part, to compensate for the wear that is taking place continually on its surface. A proper thickness of the cuticle is in this manner preserved; the faculty of sensation and that of touch are properly regulated; the places of the little scales, which are continually falling off under the united influence of friction and ablution, are supplied; and an action necessary, not merely to the health of the skin, but to that of the entire body, is established. ”

“ For the fact of the skin of the thigh being perished, or even when showing of the upper arm, or of the leg, or fore-arm, affords a less formidable appearance, but if the hair fall from the head and the skin along with it, and still more if that of the cheeks and chin go with it, the appearance of injury is very great ”

“ The sweat glands are twisted and coiled-up tubes, occupying the true skin and the layer of tissue beneath. They open upon pores, almost invisible to the naked eye. When we are at rest the flow of perspiration, though constant, is seldom so free that it does not evaporate almost as rapidly as it exudes, so that the skin is only kept pleasantly moist; but during exercise, especially in warm weather, the cutaneous surface becomes covered with drops of fluid. ”

“ The skin itself, as is known to everyone, is an envelope which contains the whole body within it. It is composed of three separate layers, the outer being insensible, and laid on as a protection to the delicate and tender structures which lie beneath. It is hardly possible to convey to the general reader a notion of the intricate and wonderfully complicate nature of the dermis, or true skin. ”

“ Ch. Nélaton Method.—This author uses an osteo-cutaneous flap taken from the forehead. The shape of the latter is shown in Fig. 408.
The lateral incisions are to be made the width of a finger from the margins of the old nose, extending upward in curved fashion through the inner edge of the eyebrows and meeting at a point on the forehead, becoming slightly oblique near the border of the hair.
The flap is dissected up from the borders inward, including the periosteum, leaving a strip of bony attachment at the median line. ”

“ We attach the idea of a beautiful skin, to that in which these small tubercles are not found, and in which the chorion is united at its external surface. Women have commonly this last arrangement more evident than men. The epidermis which covers these eminences very often scales off at that place, especially from strong friction, which contributes still more to render the skin uneven, rough and harsh to the touch where they exist, which might induce a belief that they are formed by it, though it is always only accessory to them. ”

“ The middle layer, leather-skin or dermis, is composed of solid, fibrous, and elastic tissues, and contains many blood-vessels, small nerves, sweat-and oil-glands, and hair follicles from which the hair grows. ”

“ The intimate connection between the skin and the sexual sphere is also shown in pathological conditions of the skin, especially in acne as well as simple pimples on the face. The sexual development of puberty involves a development of hair in various regions of the body which previously were hairless. ”

“ While the skin is thus more white in women, it is also more transparent. The reticular tissue, or substance interposed between the true skin and scarf-skin, appears to have more clearness and turgescence, especially on the face, where, under the influence of various emotions, it easily permits a passage to the blood, as we see in blushing. It is in youth that this turgescence and clearness are most evident. ”

“ They are very fond of eating the toe-nails—so fond, indeed, as to render the nail-scissors of no value, and they also profess a penchant for the epidermis—if I may be allowed a professional expression—of the feet and legs; not that they object to the skin of any other part of the body, by no means; they attack the legs merely on a principle of easy come-at-ability. ”

“ The most satisfactory course which it can take is through the wall of the abdomen and out above the right groin. As it is making its way in this direction the skin over that part becomes red, swollen, hot and tender, and the tissues between it and the skin become swollen and brawny. Rarely is fluctuation to be made out until the pus has worked its way close to the surface. ”

“ Sometimes on the ninth, tenth, and eleventh Day, during the Maturation, the Face, from the Colour of the digested Matter, beneath the Skin, grows pale, and sometimes white as a Sheet, with little Swelling or Elevation of the Cheeks, Lips or Nose, which is a Case always very dangerous, and most commonly fatal ”

“ The movement of the lip is not then a source of danger in displacing the mass, since the acute swelling of the lip tissue prevents its free movement for several days, which gives the injected mass an opportunity to establish itself and find its proper place. ”

“ Structure of the Hair. The hair and the nails are structures connected with the skin, being modified forms of the epidermis. A hair is formed by a depression, or furrow, the inner walls of which consist of the infolded outer skin. This depression takes the form of a sac and is called the hair-follicle, in which the roots of the hair are embedded. ”

“ Every thing is disagreeable to her, she would like to go far away. Small pimples on the lower part of the neck and on the right knee, they are very red at the base, with a white point in the centre; they disappear in an hour. Sense of weight in the nape of the neck, at half past 11. The head feels heavy, she can scarcely keep it erect. Pain as from weariness in the back and the posterior muscles of the thighs and arms. ”