Trinitrotoluene

“ Roper says Triton is hardly livable at all, even protected. You'll find out if you've the nerve to go through with me."
"So Planet X is not even a planet, just one of Neptune's moons?"
"Perhaps it was a planet once. Both Pluto and Triton are not like the rest of the solar system planets. They may have been two stray worlds from outer space, captured long ago by our sun. For their size they have mass out of all proportion. The quantities of heavy metals beyond uranium give them extreme weight and density. Pluto has a density of over fifty times that of water. ”

“ They feed upon aquatic animals; those which are partial to hard shelled molluses soon wear down the sharp horny edges of the claws, and thick horny crushing pads are developed in their stead. They only crawl upon land in order to lay their round brittle eggs. Trionyxes inhabit the rivers of Asia, Africa and North America. Trionyx ferox, the “soft-shelled turtle”, in the whole of the Mississippi basin and in the chain of the great northern lakes. T. triunguis in Africa, the largest species, with a length of shell of 3 ft. T. hurum and T. gangeticus are the commonest Indian species. ”

“ Different genera and species of the trilobite are now found in almost every part of the globe, and are frequently exceedingly abundant in the rocks which contain them. That they must have swarmed in particular places, is abundantly evident from a number of localities in our own country,—millions, for example, must have lived and died not far from Trenton falls, in the State of New York. ”

“ In the Ranellæ, the varices run in two rows along the spire; in the Murices, they form three or more rows; but in the Tritons, they do not follow each other, i.e. they do not occur in the same part of each volution. The large species of Triton, are sometimes used as trumpets. The Tritons are brought from the Mediterranean, Ceylon, the East and West Indies, and South Seas. Fig. 398 to 401.
TRITONIDEA. Sw. A genus of "Buccininæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell bucciniform, but the basal half is narrowed, and the middle more or less ventricose; spire and aperture equal. ”

“ As pointed out in the case of Calymene and Ceraurus, the trilobites show a tendency toward the degeneration of the first and second pairs of biramous appendages, particularly of the gnathobases. They are in just that stage of the backward movement of the mouth when the function of the antennæ as mandibles has not yet been lost. If the presence of functional gnathobases back of the mouth, rather than the points of attachment in front of the mouth, is to be the guide, then Triarthrus might be classed as an arachnid and Calymene and Isotelus as crustaceans. ”

“ The body is probably not limited by any distinct membrane. The cytoplasm is finely granular and fairly uniform in character. The most interesting point about the morphology is the fact that two chromatic bodies, of very unequal size, are almost invariably to be recognized. The larger nuclear body, which corresponds to the trophonucleus of a Trypanosome, is usually round or oval; the smaller one, representing a kinetonucleus, has the form either of a little rod or of a round grain, and is generally separate from the larger nucleus. ”

“ The relative radio-activity of the various chemical combinations of a given radio-active element is directly proportional to the quantity of the element contained in them. The process of disintegration may be carried through a number of intermediate products until a stable form is produced. Uranium, in which the phenomenon of radio-activity was first perceived, is supposed to give rise to no fewer than seventeen different forms of matter, including radium, actinium, and polonium. Thorium, another radio-active element, is supposed to disintegrate into eight different forms of matter. ”

“ This procedure was useful but it was hard to make an accurate analysis of low concentrations of heavy water.
More recently, however, tritium (3H) (radioactive hydrogen) has been produced in abundance. Its oxide, tritiated water (3H2O) , is chemically almost the same as ordinary water, but physically it may be distinguished by the beta rays given off by the tritium. This very soft (low-energy) beta ray requires the use of special counting equipment, either a windowless flow-gas counter or a liquid scintillator, but with the proper techniques accurate measurement is possible. ”

“ These results are all in agreement with the view that the Th X is being continuously produced from the thorium compound at a constant rate. The amount of active matter produced from 1 gram of thorium is probably extremely minute, but the electrical effects due to its activity are so large that the process of production can be followed after extremely short intervals. With a sensitive electrometer the amount of Th X produced per minute in 10 grams of thorium-nitrate gives a rapid movement to the electrometer needle. ”

“ In Triarthrus and Neolenus the endobases are flattened and taper somewhat toward the inward end. In Isotelus, Calymene and Ceraurus, they appear to have been cylindrical. In other genera they are not yet well known. In all cases, particularly about the mouth, they appear to have been directed somewhat backward from the point of attachment. As it is supposed that these organs moved freely forward and backward, the position in which they occur in the best preserved fossils should indicate something of their natural position when muscles were relaxed. ”

“ Since the atoms of the radio-elements are continuously breaking up, they must also be considered to be metabolons, the only difference between them and metabolons such as the emanations Th X and others being their comparatively great stability and consequent very slow rate of change. There is no evidence that the process of change, traced above, is reversible under present conditions, and in the course of time a quantity of radium, uranium, or thorium left to itself must gradually be transformed into other types of matter. ”

“ The most important of the oxidation products of trop1ne is tropinone, C8H13NO, which is a ketone containing the grouping —CH2⋅⋅CO⋅CH2-since it yields a di-isonitroso derivative, a dibenzal derivative, and also forms mono- and di-oxalic esters. It is a strong base and has a powerful reducing action. ”

“ Torry studied the old man calmly. "You can use place names, Sen Bas. I know about the transuranics on Triton and Pluto. But how could Roper have gone ahead when we were using the transmitter? It can't be three places at once."
Sen Bas frowned. "No, it cannot. Unfortunately, it has many limitations. This is a second model copied by my engineers for study and experiment. To our distress we have learned that ores of the heavy metals cannot be transmitted since their radioactivity has an effect on the force field. ”

“ That organic remains furnish us with the most satisfactory evidence of the identity or dissimilarity of certain formations, is a disputed point with some geologists [45] It cannot reasonably be doubted, that new and isolated facts have been made the basis of a too hasty generalization. On this subject Count Rasoumowsky makes the following remarks:—"Les divers gisemens des Trilobites ne me semblent pas non plus pouvoir être déterminés avec quelque précision. ”

“ In comparing the uranium, thorium, and actinium series of transformations, one cannot fail to be struck by the many points of similarity in their modes of disintegration. Not only are the radiations similar in type and in energy, but, in all cases, the end product is believed to be an isotope of lead. This remarkable similarity in the modes of transformation is especially exemplified in the case of the "C" bodies, each of which is known to break up in at least two distinct ways, giving rise to branch products. For example, thorium C emits two types of α rays, 65 percent of range 8.6 cms. ”

“ It has been shown that the active deposit is soluble in ammonia, and, in consequence, is removed with the actinium X. The products actinium A and B and actinium X, immediately after separation, are in radio-active equilibrium and we should not therefore expect to find any increase of activity after removal, such as is observed in the case of thorium, where thorium A and B are not removed with thorium X. However, in heating the actinium X to drive off the ammonium salts, some of the active deposit is volatilized. ”

“ Titanium trichloride, TiCl3, forms in volatile, dark violet scales, and is obtained by passing the vapour of the tetrachloride mixed with hydrogen through a red-hot tube, or by heating the tetrachloride with molecular silver to 200°. It is a powerful reducing agent. ”

“ The genus Pylolena opens the series of the Hexapylida, or of those Pylodiscida in which the centre of the shell is formed by a tri-radiated medullary shell like Triopyle. In the equatorial plane of this triopyle-shaped disk are developed on its margin three distal arm chambers, as prolongations of the three arms of Triopyle, but much larger. In Pylolene the three angles or notches between the distal arms remain open, repeating the form of Triolene. ”

“ Now the change from the active triungulin stage to the series of secondary, nearly legless, sedentary, inactive stages is plainly enough due to the change of station and to the change of food. From being an independent, active, roving triungulin, the young insect becomes a lodger or boarder, fed at the expense of its host, and the lack of bodily exertion, coupled with the presence of more liquid food than 697is actually needed for its bare existence, at once induces rotundity of body and a loss of power in the limbs, followed by their partial or total atrophy. ”

“ Because of the use of arsenic trichloride in the manufacture of organic arsenic compounds, a method of preparation was developed from arsenic trioxide and sulfur chloride or hydrogen chloride. It was also shown experimentally that the phosgene of the tail gas of phosgene plants might be converted into arsenic trichloride by reaction with arsenic trioxide. Charcoal is the catalyzer of this reaction. ”

“ Each gives out easily absorbed and penetrating rays, and emits a characteristic emanation of which the rate of decay is the same for both substances. The rate of decay of the emanation is the simplest method of distinguishing actinium from thorium, which it resembles so closely in radio-active as well as in chemical properties. The emanation of actinium loses its radiating power far more rapidly than that of thorium, the time taken for the activity to fall to half value being in the two cases 3·7 seconds and 52 seconds respectively. ”

“ The small Trypanosomes resulting from either of these modes of division differ from typical adults by their stumpy, pyriform shape, the position of the kinetonucleus near the flagellar end of the body, and the absence, during the first part of their youth, of an undulating-membrane. At this period they have, in fact, what may be termed a “pseudo-Herpetomonadine” aspect. These young individuals can themselves multiply by equal binary fission, giving rise to little fusiform parasites; with growth, these gradually assume the adult appearance. ”

“ Trionychid turtles may have traversed the Bering land bridge between Asia and North America in late Mesozoic times for they occur as fossils on the Atlantic Coast and in the Rocky Mountain-Great Plains region in Upper Cretaceous deposits. Shallow, inland seas may have afforded no barrier to the dispersal of softshells which presumably were tolerant of saline waters. The orogeny and volcanic action with subsequent erosion and sedimentation of the Rocky Mountain system, which was later accompanied by drier climates, tended to obliterate suitable habitats in the western United States ”

“ Unlike quartz, it is soluble in a boiling solution of sodium carbonate. Tridymite occurs in the cavities of acid volcanic rocks (rhyolite, trachyte and andesite) ; the best-known localities are Cerro San Cristobal near Pachuca in Mexico, the Euganean Hills near Padua, and the Siebengebirge on the Rhine. Probably identical with tridymite is the form of silica known as asmanite, found in the meteorite which fell at Breitenbach in the Erzgebirge, Bohemia. ”

“ The separation of a crude thorium product from the acid solution obtained after decomposition of the mineral can be effected in two ways, both of which are based on the fact that thoria is less basic than the oxides of the cerium and yttrium metals. In the first, the rare earth elements, including thorium, are precipitated as oxalates by the addition of oxalic acid to the acid solution. ”

“ On precipitating antimony trichloride or tartar emetic in acid solution with sulphuretted hydrogen, an orange-red precipitate of the hydrated sulphide is obtained, which turns black on being heated to 200° C The trisulphide heated in a current of hydrogen is reduced to the metallic state; it burns in air forming the tetroxide, and is soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid, in solutions of the caustic alkalis, and in alkaline sulphides. By the union of antimony trisulphide with basic sulphides, livers of antimony are obtained. ”

“ In Isotelus and Acidaspis only the endopodites have been seen. In Triarthrus, Calymene, Ceraurus, and Neolenus there are four pairs of appendages behind the antennules. The other genera probably had the same number, but the full structure of the under part of their cephala is not known. In Triarthrus the endopodites of the cephalon are slender, the individual segments parallel-sided, the inner ones flattened, the outer ones cylindrical in section. They project slightly beyond the edge of the cephalon when fully extended, and each terminates in three small spines. ”