Handle (tool)

“ The simplest application of a principle of mechanics to an every-day hand-tool may convert it into what is called a machine. Take a three-pronged fork—one of the universal tools;—fasten a rope to the end of the handle; put a log under the fork as a fulcrum; and we have a lever, when pulled down by the rope, which will grub up a strongly-rooted large shrub in a few minutes. The labourer has called in a powerful ally. The tool has become a machine. ”

“ When this feeding brought the surface of curve s, Fig. 1500, into contact with the tool, the feed screw handle in figure would be operated by hand so much per feed traverse, thus raising the slider, and therefore the tool, in the direction of l, and motion of the work to the right and the left of the tool (by means of the feed handle) would (if the amount of tool lift per tool stroke is properly proportioned to the amount of work feed to the right) cause the tool to cut the work to the required curvature. ”

“ It is singular, that with the immense variety of tools set forth in the preceding chapter, how few, really, require the art of the workman to grind and sharpen. If we take the lathe, the drilling machine, as well as the shaper, planer, milling machine, and all power-driven tools, they are merely mechanism contrived to handle some small, and, apparently, inconsequential tool, which does the work on the material. ”

“ One pair of Tinner's Shears; cut, 23⁄4 in., cast iron, hardened, suitable for cutting thin metal.—One Hollow Handle Tool Set; very useful; polished handle holds 10 tools, gimlet, brad-awls, chisel, etc.—One Try Square; 6-in. blue steel blade, marked in 1/8s, strongly riveted.—One 1-lb. Hammer; full size, polished head, wedged varnished hardwood handle.—One Hack Saw; steel frame, 91⁄2-in. polished steel blade, black enamel handle; very useful. ”

“ All tools should be held firmly but not rigidly. The right hand should grasp the handle at the extreme end for two reasons: first, to give as much leverage as possible so that the tool will not be thrown from the hands in case it should catch in the wood; second, a slight wavering of the hand will not cause as much variance in the cuts as when held closer up to the rest. The left hand should act as a guide and should be held over the tool near the cutting edge. The little finger and the back part of the palm of the hand should touch the tool rest thus assuring a steady movement. ”

“ Scratch awl. A sharp-pointed tool, with a handle.
Scribe. To cut, indent or mark with a tool, such as a knife, awl or compass, so as to form a cutting line for the workman.
Self-supporting. Held by itself; not depending upon outside aid.
Shank. Usually the handle, or portion to which the handle is attached.
Slitting gage. A tool which is designed to cut along a certain line guided by an adjustable fence.
Soffit. The under side of an arch.
Solid. Not hollow; full of matter; having a fixed form; hard; opposed to liquid or fluid.
Spindle. A small mandrel; an arbor; a turning shaft. ”

“ The countersink bit is shown in the cut, and its purpose is more fully explained in the chapter on screws.
17. The Spokeshave. The spokeshave is practically a short plane with handles at the side so that the tool may be drawn or pushed. It may be adjusted by means of screws to take light or heavy shavings, and [30] is used principally to smooth curved surfaces. The forming of a hammer handle is a good illustration of the kind of work it will do. It may be worked toward or away from the worker, and is an exceedingly handy tool.
Fig. ”

“ Nos. 1 and 2 of plate 13 are different patterns for pillars, both worked without the eccentric chuck. The depth of the cuts, it will immediately be seen, form the steps. The rings now demand our attention; the tool used for forming them is No. 6 of the slide-rest tools, plate 5; one side of the tool cuts the outer; the other, the inner part of the rings. Put the tool into a handle, where it must be held firm by a screw; the same handle will be very useful to hold the slide-rest tools for making mouldings and delicate ornaments. The end of the ring tool, No. ”

“ To the learner, practice with hand tools is especially advantageous, inasmuch as the strain due to the cut is felt by the operator; hence, the effects of alterations in the shape of the tools, its height or position with relation to the work, and also the resistance of the metal to severance, are more readily understood and appreciated than is the case where the tool is held in a slide rest or other mechanical device. ”

“ If under certain conditions the hand tool does not operate to advantage, these conditions may be varied by a simple movement of the hands, altering the height of the tool to the work, the angle of the cutting edges to the work, or the rate of feed, as the case may be, and instantly perceiving the effects; whereas with tools held by mechanical means, such alterations would involve the expenditure of considerable time in loosening, packing, and fastening the tool, and adjusting it to position. ”

“ The Various Kinds of Tools. —Metal working tools are tempered harder than wood working tools and are made of what is known as tool-steel.
For your kit of machinists’ tools get (1) a ball pein hammer which weighs about 8 ounces—this is a regular machinists’ hammer; (2) a pair of 4 inch side cutting pliers; (3) a pair of 8 inch tinners’ snips which makes a 2 inch cut; (4) a jeweler’s adjustable saw frame; (5) a hack saw frame to hold an 8 inch saw blade; (6) a hand drill stock with a chuck for holding round shank drills from 0 to 3⁄16 inch in diameter. ”

“ The first tool is known as a right side-tool because it operates on the right end or side of a shaft or collar, whereas the left side-tool E is used on the opposite side, as shown in Fig. 2. Side-tools are also bent to the right or left because [55] the cutting edge of a straight tool cannot always be located properly for facing certain surfaces. A bent right side-tool is shown at F. A form of tool that is frequently used is shown at G; this is known as a parting tool and is used for severing pieces and for cutting grooves, squaring corners, etc. ”

“ A portable tool is a tool or machine-tool which can be taken from place to place, for example a riveting machine.
Fig. 610.
Tool, the word, comes probably from toil, signifying the thing with which one toils or labors, a hammer, file or wrench; a tool never ceases to be a tool, i.e., something which is applied directly to the work; generally tools in machine practice cut, abrade, like a file, or strike—as a hammer; a tool is that which is brought to bear directly on the work ”

“ For a flat radial face, a flat piece of lead, say 3⁄8 inch thick, and of a size to suit the work, may be pivoted to the end of a piece of wood of convenient length and used with grain emery and oil, the work rotating quickly. To afford a fulcrum for the piece of wood, a lever or rest of some kind, as either a hand rest or a piece fastened in the tool post, is used. ”

“ In single-pointed tools, such as are used upon lathe work, this has but little significance, because it is the work of but a minute or two to grind up the tool to a full point again, but in taps and solid dies, or in chasers in heads (as in some bolt-cutting machines) it is highly important, because it impairs the fit of the threads, and it is difficult to bring the tools to shape after they are once worn. ”

“ To still further reduce the wire-edge for very fine work, the operator sometimes uses a piece of leather belt, either glued to a piece of wood, as upon the lid of the oil-stone box, or some attach it at each end to projecting pieces of wood, while yet others lap the tool upon the palm of the hand. ”

“ When, however, the tool can be forged from a plain piece of steel, these objections are overcome, and a sufficient number of tools may be had so that one can always be found suitable for any ordinary sized hole, the object being to use as rigid a tool as can be got into the hole bored. ”

“ A side tool is one intended for use on the side faces of the work, as the side of a collar or the face of a face plate. An outside tool is one for use on external surfaces, and an inside one for internal, as the walls or bores of holes, &c.
A spring tool is formed to spring or yield to excessive pressure rather than dig or jump into the work.
A boring tool is one used for boring purposes.
Fig. ”

“ Hangers to grip tool handles can be easily formed of sheet metal in any desired material. The clips are shaped as shown at A in the sketch. Any number of the clips may be fastened with screws to a wood crosspiece or a wall in such a manner as to make openings into which the handles of the tools are pressed. ”

“ The natural tendency is to slack up or stop the motion of the treadle while the tool is engaged, and the tool is, therefore, at one time under the work, at another time above it, at another jumping rankly in, until, finally, the piece goes whirling out of the center or the chuck, and the operator flushes all over at his awkwardness. ”

“ These tools can be used for a wide variety of ordinary turning operations. When a great many duplicate parts are to be machined, special tool equipment can often be used to advantage, but as the form of this equipment depends upon the character of the work, only standard tools have been shown in this illustration. The tool shown at A is a right-hand, roughing tool, and a left-hand tool of the same type is shown at B. Tool C is an offset or bent, left-hand round nose for roughing, and D is a right-hand offset roughing tool. ”

“ Then chuck and re-chuck to familiarize yourself with every operative part of the lathe, and never try to force the cutting tool. If it has a tendency to run into the work, set it higher. If, on the other hand, you find, in feeding, that it is hard to move the tool post along, the tool is too high, and should be lowered. ”

“ Portable tool chest.
All the small tools can be conveniently packed and carried in a leather or canvas hold-all. This is merely a long strip of either canvas or leather, with longitudinal bands sewn on the inside. The tools are arranged side by side under these, and then rolled up and tied carefully together with a wide tape string. All the edge tools should be tempered or let down to meet the file test, ground and set, before being finally packed. ”

“ For holes of a greater diameter a holder such as shown in Fig. 1119 should be used, the body being a square bar, and the tool being held in the box a a by two set screws b. For holes of small diameter, as, say, less than 11⁄2 inches, a tool holder is especially desirable, because when a boring tool is forged out of a piece of tool steel, its length is determined, and in order to have tools suitable for various depths of hole a number of tools of varying lengths are requisite. ”

“ Having the room you have a place for your first tool, if it is necessary to collect them one at a time, and it is much better to do that than to buy a cheap tool-chest. When you have one tool make a place for it and keep it in its place. A hammer, a saw, a hatchet, a sharp knife, a screw-driver, a gimlet, and a rule are the first tools you will need. ”

“ Those you have in the shop are fitted with a screw-stop so that you can fasten them in any required position. You will complain that it is hard to move the legs of these, but as they must stay in place without any screw, it is necessary that the joint be a tight fit."
"Legs?" said a student.
"You can call them shanks, if you prefer, or arms. There are a great many technical names to parts of apparatus which are not often used because they are not generally known," replied the instructor. "Since I came to Beech Hill I learned that an oar consists of the handle, the loom and the blade. ”

“ The tool is held in an arm on the bar by a set screw, so that it can be lengthened or shortened.
By this arrangement, a true thread can be rapidly generated on any rod, hollow cylinder, or other kind of work—the pitch depending on the pitch of the hub. ”

“ It will now be obvious that to produce work as nearly cylindrical as possible, the tool edge should stand as near to the slide rest as the circumstances will permit, which will hold the tool more firmly and prevent, as far as possible, its deflection or spring from the cut pressure. ”

“ A tool rack that is serviceable for almost any kind of a tool may be made by placing rows of different-size screw eyes on a wall close to the workbench, so that files, chisels, pliers and other tools, and the handles of hammers can be slipped through the eyes.
A place for every tool saves time, and besides, when the tools are hung up separately, they are less likely to be damaged, than when kept together on the work-bench. ”

“ In small planing machines it is a great advantage to provide an extra apron carrying two tool posts, as in Fig. 1586, so that in planing a number of pieces, that are to be of the same dimension, one tool may be used for roughing and one for finishing the work. The tools should be wider apart than the width of the work, so that the finishing tool will not come into operation until after the roughing tool has carried its cut across. ”

“ The tool, in ordinary machines of this kind, is fixed so that it cuts only in one direction, as the plate is drawn against its edge or point, which is raised to allow of the backward motion of the plate. ”

“ In the cutting of metals the work may move against a fixed tool or the tool may move against a fixed piece of work. In a lathe, it is the work that revolves or rotates against the tool. In the drill and the milling machine the tool revolves against the work. ”