Model (scale)

“ The contour of proportion is the most difficult part of modelling, and for this reason it is to the student and amateur one of the most beneficial branches of the fine arts. Having successfully mastered the head, next attempt a foot from a plaster cast. Select a simple foot, and afterwards a more elaborate subject, such as a whole figure, can be tried.
FIG. 5.
With the wire modelling-tools and the fingers begin to work away the clay to obtain the general outline and form; continue this in a rough manner, until a perfect composition is obtained that compares favorably with the original model ”

“ You must not look for so much decision, and you must study [Pg 368] values closely. Look more for the modelling of the mass than for the modelling of surface. Look more for the vibration of light and air on the flesh and drapery colors than for these colors in themselves. Look for color of contours in the model. Study the subtleties of values of contours, and make your figure relieve by the contrast of value in mass rather than by the modelling within the outline. ”

“ If you want to try your hand at a picture right away, there is ample room on the throne for two models; if you think a few months hard preliminary work would be of most value, you can make studies from Jack's model. ”

“ We will explore the connection with economic patterns more in the next two chapters. ↑ I’m using “artifact” in a very broad sense here. Some models are themselves physical systems (consider a model airplane) , while others are mathematical constructions that are supposed to capture some interesting behavior of the system in question. The main point of model-building is to create something that can be more easily manipulated and studied than the object itself, with the hope that in seeing how the model behaves, we can learn something interesting about the world. ”

“ Modelling differs from drawing and painting in that every side of the model is visible, while only the face of the painting is presented to the eye, where the impression of form and outline is worked out on a flat surface. ”

“ Imagine yourselves before a living model, man or woman, with a pencil, and a piece of paper twice the dimensions of your hand, on which to copy it. Certainly, you cannot be expected to reproduce the magnitude of the limbs, for your paper is too small; nor can you be expected to reproduce their color, for you have only black and white to work with. What you have to do is to reproduce their relationships, and first the proportions, that is to say, the relationships of magnitude. ”

“ Measurements alone do not determine the model to be placed on a figure. They tell but half the story. The general contour of the figure, the par­ticular location of fullness or scantiness as well as measurements must determine the model to be used. Good judgment must be employed at all times ”

“ Much more, then, the student needs to keep himself rigidly to the guidance of nature; and this he can only do by the constant use of the model.
One Figure or Many.—Whether you have one or more figures, the problem may be kept the same. The canvas must balance in mass and line and in color. When you decide to make a picture with several figures, study the composition first as if they were not figures, but groups of masses and line. Get the whole to balance and compose, then decide your color composition. Simplify rather than make complex. ”

“ Draw to scale such parts of the sketch as can be easily measured, and put in the remainder in proportion, and make these sketches at the scale at which you are used to working in the office. They will be of immense advantage in giving you a sense of absolute scale.
"There is such a thing as 'absolute scale,' and scale is not simply proportion. A drawing might be made in good proportion, and the building look well if executed a thousand feet long, and yet lose all its effectiveness if executed but one hundred feet in length, the relative proportions of the parts remaining the same. ”

“ To represent: there is a complex model, which is too big to be used as a whole. Such a model can be associated to a simplified model, which on its turn is associated only to a section of the main model. Such a model represents the main model on the restricted domain. We should never forget that a representation model is based on the main model, and the main model only is fully associated to the external reality. ”

“ Models made as a pastime or for exhibition purposes should represent correctly the full-sized machine, not only as regards general design but also in the proportioning of parts, the finish, and the choice of materials. The satisfaction derived from the possession of a model is greater when it is truly representative. ”

“ The Modeling Process.—The best method seems to be simply to begin, and, for example, model as good a horse as possible; then discuss the results, note a few serious defects, and try again, endeavoring to correct them. Encourage rapid work which gives the general proportions of the animal in the rough. Beginners are apt to waste time in a purposeless smoothing of the clay, in mere tactual enjoyment. Discourage the tendency to finish the details of a horse's head, for example, before the body has been modeled. ”

“ The main condition in the matter of scale appears to be that we cannot afford to ignore the average human standard. As we may say that the human frame itself contains the elements and principles of all ornamental design, so its proportions and scale control the proportions and scale of all design. ”

“ Having said this, scientific data have detailed structure, and simple models can’t always accommodate important intricacies. The common assumption of independence is often incorrect and nearly always needs careful examination. See Rule 8. Large numbers of measurements, interactions among explanatory variables, nonlinear mechanisms of action, missing data, confounding, sampling biases, and so on, can all require an increase in model complexity.
Keep in mind that good design, implemented well, can often allow simple methods of analysis to produce strong results. ”

“ And, having gleaned these few ordinarily accepted rules, you will probably find your next model will have arms too long, legs too short, and a nose disagreeing most profoundly with the length of the thumb. Nature is a law unto itself, and I bring these few suggestions to you with some misgivings.
If your eye insists that your model measures but five heads high, accept that as a fact. Very few human beings are correctly proportioned. ”

“ As we already mentioned, reality is the one generated by the model associated to a given external reality. Each time we state a truth, we have to specify first the model.
Example: There are an A and a B person. A is taller than B, as it results from measurement. The term 'length' is generated of the model 'space', as Euclid's Geometry and Newton's Mechanics understand it. These fundamental models characterize this truth as objective. If we say that "A is more attractive than B", this is a subjective truth. ”

“ Fig. 224.
The principles upon which “projection” in drawing is based, are illustrated in the following examples [149] and text: As a real object can be scaled with a foot rule, so a drawing must permit of scaling and measuring. This measuring may take place as with the real object in full size or the drawing may, for the sake of convenience, be reproduced and measured in a reduced scale, as half, or in still smaller sizes. ”

“ When reducing by scales, it is obviously not essential to use the same scale as that to which the original is made; the dimensions on one scale may be readily transferred to any other, and the student will do well to make himself familiar with the operation. ”

“ Mathematics was a tool. Physical relationships that were measurable could be expressed in equations, but the equations were models, not reality. You had to keep the distinction in mind or you would think you knew things more precisely than you did.
Dylan disappeared into the kitchen, and Patrick ordered another beer. Models. The word expanded in his mind. Models. Sue was a model. Amber was a model. Equations were models. Mrs. Van Slyke had been a model. Of what? Herself? Hendrik's lover? Women in general? It was really the painting that was the model. ”

“ If there are many persons who participate in an experiment, everyone will make his/her own model based on his/her own structure of models. What everyone gets and sees depends on one's own structure of models. ”

“ Never try to place a model in a pose which he can only hold by an unnatural strain. You will not get a satisfactory result from it. Study your model; see what poses he most naturally falls into, and then take advantage of one of these, and arrange your picture with reference to it.
Never attempt to represent a character in your picture by using a model of a different class or type from it; you will not be successful either in painting a lady from a model who is a peasant, nor in painting a peasant from a model who is a lady. ”

“ An extensive use of models is, however, unwise. The pupil must learn very early how to visualize a solid from the flat outline picture, just as a builder or a mechanic learns to read his working drawings. ”

“ It is difficult to convey clear ideas of complex machinery by any description that can be given. Drawings are more effectual, and models are still more so. If the model be full and accurate, it is, indeed, the thing itself in miniature. ”

“ This powerful modeling tool is the heart of DyST.
Some systems can be modeled by a special class of differential equations: linear differential equations. Intuitively, a system’s behavior can be modeled by a set of linear differential equations if: (1) the behavior of the system is (in a sense that we shall articulate more precisely soon) the sum of the behavior of the parts of the system, and (2) the variables in the model of the system vary with respect to one another at constant rates [6] . ”

“ Scales are proportioned rules or mathematical instruments of wood, metal, etc., on which are marked lines and figures for the purpose of measuring sizes and distances. It is usual to make scales in the proportion of parts of an inch equalling a foot; the most generally adopted scale for machine drawing is one and a half inches, equalling one foot ”

“ We may here point out the importance of putting the dimensions on a working drawing. If the drawing is not dimensioned, the workman must get his sizes from the drawing by applying his rule or a suitable scale. ”

“ Another functional facility is described here. We see that a model can activate any of its elements to develop itself as a model. But, even if an element is already developed as a model, the main model continues to treat it as an element. ”

“ When you get an abstract idea for a design or a [69] machine that you want to put in concrete form take a rule and compasses, pencil and paper and draw it out to scale, that is, make a drawing of it and mark the sizes, or dimensions, of each part just as it should be when the thing is done. ”

“ Models in the mathematical, physical and mechanical sciences are of the greatest importance. Long ago philosophy perceived the essence of our process of thought to lie in the fact that we attach to the various real objects around us particular physical attributes—our concepts—and by means of these try to represent the objects to our Representation in Thought. ”

“ As we know, a stable model is a model which correlates in a right way all the available information. But, there is no guarantee that we gain enough information to make the right model. This basic deficiency is attenuated by the fact that there is a structure of models. The structure of models helps a lot when we interact with a new external reality because it can make predictions based on the previous interaction with other external realities. On the other hand, the structure of models is like a brake for evolution if the structure has problems. ”

“ The model is used for all that is on the outside—movement, proportions, physical characteristics, beauty of form,—for all, in fact, except, however, just that turn of the head and look of the eye, that movement of the lips, dilation of the nostrils, and a thousand other signs and indications on the face which reveal the inner struggles of the soul. ”

“ The child will almost always begin by attempting to make the picture exactly like his model in size without counting the inches and trying to make it mathematically correct; but after the idea is carefully explained and fully illustrated, he will have no further difficulty excepting, perhaps, with the more complicated figures containing slanting lines. ”

“ I propose also the erection of a Model and Drawing Room for the Department of Civil Engineering, and the introduction of suitable models, etc., as shall make the course eminently practical, as well as thoroughly scientific. The models procured by me while in Europe, which I have selected with great care, will exhibit, in part, some of the advantages likely to result from these special arrangements. ”

“ As a carver in stone blocks out his work in square surfaces, the modelling of a figure or any complex surface that is being studied should be set out in planes of tone, painting in the first instance the larger ones, and then, to these, adding the smaller; when it will be seen that the roundnesses have, with a little fusing of edges here and there, been arrived at. Good modelling is full of these planes subtly fused together. Nothing is so characteristic of bad modelling as "gross roundnesses." ”

“ Once a model is given, it is possible to make simulations on the model, as it has already been explained. By simulation, it is necessary to change an element or a relation. The model goes into a temporary unstable situation because all the elements are connected between them. ”