Bute

“ If the mere chance of becoming a baronet's daughter can procure a lady such homage in the world, surely, surely we may respect the agonies of a young woman who has lost the opportunity of becoming a baronet's wife. Who would have dreamed of Lady Crawley dying so soon? She was one of those sickly women that might have lasted these ten years—Rebecca thought to herself, in all the woes of repentance—and I might have been my lady! I might have led that old man whither I would. I might have thanked Mrs. Bute for her patronage, and Mr. Pitt for his insufferable condescension. ”

“ Chatham seems to have sometimes used Addington as his mouthpiece in society, and in communicating to him a striking memorandum of his views on the future of the struggle with the American colonists in the July of 1776, Chatham strictly enjoined him, when repeating them in conversation with others, to employ ‘the very words’ of the written paper. Addington's excessive zeal was perhaps concerned in the misunderstanding between Chatham and Bute in the winter of 1778. ”

“ The duke was twice married: first, on 2 July 1764, to Lady Anne Stuart, daughter of Lord Bute, from whom he was divorced in 1779; and, secondly, on 25 May 1779, to Frances Julia (d. 1820) , third daughter of Peter Burrell, esq., of Beckenham, Kent. ”

“ Out of the casein are formed the albumen and fibrin of the blood. The butter serves for the formation of fat, and contributes, with the sugar, to the support of animal heat, by yielding carbon and hydrogen to be burnt in the lungs. The earthy salts (phosphate of lime, etc.) are necessary for the development of the bones, the iron required for the blood, corpuscles and the hair. ”

“ He inclines to the belief that "bitters not only act directly on the gustatory nerves in the mouth, but that they also act on the mucous membrane of the stomach in such a way that sensations are generated which contribute to the passionate craving for food." ”

“ Written by Angus Fletcher, among the ruins of Dunoon Castle, which command a distant view of Montstuart in the Isle of Bute. This song appeared first in a Greenock Newspaper, January 1806, but is here given with the author's latest corrections. ”

“ Being appointed a commissioner of trade on 6 April 1754, he accepted the offer of a seat for Sussex from his cousin, the Duke of Newcastle, and represented the county from May 1754 till Nov. 1768. In 1761 Pelham was named a lord of the admiralty. On 23 Oct. 1762 his relative Newcastle informed him of his intention not to serve under Lord Bute, and asked Pelham's advice. In the same year, when the duke obtained for himself the barony of Pelham of Stanmer, the reversion of it was secured by the patent to Pelham (Walpole, Mem. George III, i. 156; Jesse, George III, i. 122) . ”

“ If sport, or exercise in the garden, led me to desire refreshment between the regular meals, a piece of brown bread was given me without butter, and I was content. Candies and confectionery were strangers to us primitive people. The stomach, that keystone of this mysterious frame, not being unduly stimulated, no morbid tastes were formed, and no undue admixture of saccharine or oleaginous matter caused effervescence and disease. ”

“ When butter and cream produce pimples on the face, a coated tongue, or a bad taste in the mouth, they must be diminished in quantity, or omitted altogether. Nuts, Malted Nuts, ripe olives and olive oil are excellent substitutes for butter and cream.
10. Avoid poison-containing foods. Tea, coffee, chocolate and cocoa contain poisonous alkaloids which impair digestion, damage the nerves, and promote disease of the liver, kidneys, and blood-vessels. Cereal beverages and hot fruit juices are wholesome substitutes for tea and coffee. ”

“ Watch a child take its nourishment in natural manner. The sucking action is like the act of mastication in that it excites the glands which supply fluids to the mouth. Whatever number of these fluids there may be, I will class them all as saliva. Certainly in the case of milk being taken into the stomach, saliva is not needed to lubricate it. It is, therefore, reasonable to suppose that saliva is intended as a part of the mixture necessary to digestion; that is, to the conversion of the food into nutriment. ”

“ Thy milk shall make us tubs of butter.
The bishop with his foot may burn it [8] ,
But with his hand the dean can churn it.
How are the servants overjoyed
To see thy deanship thus employ'd!
Instead of poring on a book,
Providing butter for the cook!
Three morning hours you toss and shake
The bottle till your fingers ake:
Hard is the toil, nor small the art,
The butter from the whey to part:
Behold a frothy substance rise;
Be cautious, or your bottle flies.
The butter comes, our fears are ceas'd ”

“ There are two sorts of butter, salt and fresh. Now, nobody is so fond of butter as I am; but butter (as I have often told everybody) isn't butter at all unless it is salt. The other kind is merely an inferior vaseline—the sort of thing you put on the axles of locomotives. Imagine, then, my disgust, when I took my first breakfast in these rooms eleven months ago, to find that the housekeeper had provided me with a large lump of vaseline!
I hate waste in small things. Take care of the little extravagances, I say, and the big ones will take care of themselves. ”

“ The bath, he says, is useless, but exercise of the upper parts of the body peculiarly proper. He recommends pouring cold water on the stomach, swimming in the same, and living on cold food, rather such as is difficult to digest than what will readily spoil on the stomach. Hence, he says, some digest beef. Undiluted austere wine, either cold or very hot, is proper. If there is vomiting with pain, he directs us to apply over the stomach, wool or sponge soaked in vinegar, or cold cataplasms; or, if the pain be more severe, a cupping-instrument ”

“ We do not chew our food simply to make it fine enough to swallow, but for quite another reason as well. In our mouths there is a fluid called saliva. Think of something that you are very fond of eating, and the mere thought of it makes the saliva come into your mouth. This saliva has a very important duty to perform in connection with preparing the food for the little cells of the body. Each little grain of starch—and you will remember that all vegetable foods are composed largely of starch—has a capsule about it. ”

“ They give to the water a greater power to dissolve the food into paste, and thus to begin that series of transformations by which it gradually becomes the fine red blood which shows itself in little drops at the tip of your finger when you have been using your needle awkwardly.
When once minced up by the teeth and moistened by the saliva, the food is reduced to a state of pulp, and having nothing further to do in the mouth, is ready to pass forward. ”

“ You must by this time have some idea how the food, which has been masticated and softened in the mouth, cooked, kneaded, and decomposed in the stomach, and transformed into a soft, semi-transparent kind of paste, will soon be ready to mix with the blood, in order to repair the waste that the life-stream is continually undergoing in its ceaseless course through all parts of the body. ”

“ For you now thirst no longer only with parched mouth, swollen tongue, cracking lips and throat that is dry as a lime-kiln, for each individual pore is gaping and aching with drought which every passing minute renders more acute and unendurable. ”

“ By Fat or Butter.--In Australia, Africa, and N. America, it is a frequent custom to carry a small quantity of fat or butter, and to eat a spoonful at a time, when the thirst is severe. These act on the irritated membranes of the mouth and throat, just as cold cream upon chapped hands.
By Salt Water.--People may live long without drinking, if they have means of keeping their skin constantly wet with water, even though it be salt or otherwise undrinkable. A traveller may tie a handkerchief wetted with salt water round his neck. ”

“ A second smears his legs with butter. Another eats a crust of dry bread, which exacerbates the torments, and afterwards brings relief. A fourth throws water over his face and hands or his legs and feet ”

“ Digestion begins in the mouth with the act of mastication, the presence of food in the mouth, or even the thought of it, acting upon the salivary glands to produce a free flow of saliva, which, being thoroughly incorporated with the food by the act of mastication, exerts its peculiar influence upon the starchy constituents, converting them into dextrose, maltose, etc. ”

“ It allays the heat of the stomach and liver, eases pains, soreness and roughness of the reins and bladder, it quencheth thirst, and strengthens the stomach exceedingly: It may easily be carried about in one’s pocket, and eat a little now and then.
Sugar cleanses and digests, takes away roughness of the tongue, it strengthens the reins and bladder, being weakened: being beaten into fine powder and put into the eyes, it takes away films that grow over the sight. ”

“ Here, for the first time since our departure from the coast, honey, clarified butter, and, greatest boon of all, milk, fresh and sour, were procurable. The man who has been restricted to a diet so unwholesome as holcus and bajri, with an occasional treat of kennel-food,—broth and beans,—will understand that the first unexpected appearance of milk, butter, and honey formed an epoch in our journey. ”

“ Taste determines the mastication of food so that the requisite quantity of saliva and other juices of the mouth are added in transit, so that the stomach [Pg 161] and the intestines will have the least possible to do in the matter of conversion of the food to blood, and so that the brain and nerve centres will be taxed the least possible to assist the stomach and intestines in their work. ”

“ Digestibility of Butter.—Digestion experiments show that practically all of the fat, 98 per cent, is digestible and available for use by the body. Butter is valuable only for the production of heat and energy. Alone, it is incapable of sustaining life, because it contains no proteid material. It is usually one of the more expensive items of food, but it is generally considered quite necessary in a ration. ”

“ Though during the mastication of our natural food the salival glands are excited into action by the stimulus on their excretory ducts, and a due quantity of saliva is separated from the blood, and poured into the mouth; yet as this mastication of our food is always attended with a degree of pleasure ”

“ The juice of these with that of the other glands softens the food and makes it into a liquid.
The Work of the Mouth.—The mouth has three things to do: It should break the lumps of food into fine bits so it can be well wet with the slippery fluid called saliva and also easily swallowed. It must roll the food about so that it gets soaked with saliva. It must hold the food long enough to get much taste from it because this starts the juices to [Pg 49] flowing into the stomach. Food gives out its taste only after it is changed to a liquid. ”

“ Butter, in moderation, is nourishing, fattening, and wholesome. Moreover, butter tends to keep the bowels regular. These facts should be borne in mind, as some mothers foolishly keep their children from butter, declaring it to be too rich for their children's stomachs! New milk should be used in preference either to cream or to skim-milk. Cream, as a rule, is too rich for the delicate stomach of a child, and skim-milk is too poor when robbed of the butter which the cream contains. ”

“ But, above all things, the patient at this period must abstain from drinking wine; but when the inflammation becomes moderate, he may take some sweet wine. And let him use those spoon-meats which are made from honey and milk, with starch, and bread of fine flour, and almond emulsions; and let him take butter. When a humour remains fixed in the parts, he must have recourse to detergent remedies, such as the porridge of beans, and those things which are prepared from honey, cabbage, and well-boiled leeks. ”

“ When bile is lodged in the vessels of the face and eyes, inject elaterium to the size of a vetch, with a woman’s milk, into the nose while in the bath, and then direct the person to descend immediately into it, but not to immerse his head; and after the bath, having given him a recruiting diet, again inject the errhine in the sun. The juices of sow-bread, of horehound, and of gith act in like manner. But let him draw into his nostrils, while seated in the bath, some acrid vinegar, and compress his nostrils for a short time, and it will produce a wonderful discharge. ”

“ The mouth opening is furnished with lips to open and close it and assist in picking up our food and in sucking up our drink; and, as much of our food is in solid form, and as the stomach can take care only of fluid and pulpy materials, nature has provided a mill in the mouth in the form of two arches, of semicircles, of teeth, which grind against each other and crush the food into a pulp. ”

“ When it is of a delicate brown it is drawn out, a lump of butter is melted in the mouth and then blown over it, and the crust becomes soft as sponge. To persons with calloused stomachs, or to those who are ignorant of the process, it is perfectly delicious. ”

“ We have here another illustration of the beneficence of the Creator, who has kindly so arranged that the very act of mastication gratifies taste, the mouth being the seat of this sensation. But if we disregard these benevolent laws, and introduce unmasticated food into the stomach, the gastric juice can act only upon its surface, and changes of a purely chemical nature frequently commence in food thus swallowed before digestion can take place. ”