Limulus polyphemus

“ Polyphemus, however, discovered their retreat, and with it, the cause of all the scorn and indifference, with which he had been treated.
————————"At once he saw
His rival, and the nymph he loved so well,
Twined in each other's arms. 'Away,' he cried,
'Away thou wanton nymph, and thou, my slave.
Earth born and base, thou—thou whom I could shake
To atoms, as the tempest scatters abroad
The sea-sand tow'rd the skies, away, away!'"
Acis came forth from his retreat, and Polyphemus threw an enormous rock upon him, which crushed him beneath its weight. ”

“ Telea Polyphemus Time cannot be used to tell of making the acquaintance of this moth until how well worth knowing it is has been explained. That it is a big birdlike fellow, with a six inch sweep of wing, is indicated by the fact that it is named in honour of the giant Polyphemus. Telea means 'the end,' and as scientists fail to explain the appropriateness of this, I am at liberty to indulge a theory of my own. Nature made this handsome moth last, and as it was the end, surpassed herself as a finishing touch on creatures that are, no doubt, her frailest and most exquisite creation. ”

“ The larvae of Limulus, according to my own observations, always swim on their backs. Thus the way is prepared for the manner of locomotion in fishes." In view of the great contrast in the shape of their bodies, we doubt the propriety of comparing the swimming mode of the young Limulus with that of such eurypterids as Pterygotus and Hughmilleria. ”

“ Milk the ewe that thou hast, why pursue the thing that shuns thee? Thou wilt find, perchance, another, and a fairer Galatea. Many be the girls that bid me play with them through the night, and softly they all laugh, if perchance I answer them. On land it is plain that I too seem to be somebody!
Lo, thus Polyphemus still shepherded his love with song, and lived lighter than if he had given gold for ease. ”

“ I never thought of counting these movements while watching a working spinner, but some one who has, estimates that Polyphemus, that spins a cocoon not one fourth the size of Cecropia, moves the head a quarter of a million times in guiding the silk thread. When a thin webbing is spun and securely attached all around the edges it is pushed out in the middle and gummed all over the inside with a liquid glue that oozes through, coalesces and hardens in a waterproof covering. ”

“ The genera Belinurus, Aglaspis, Prestwichia, Hemiaspis and Bunodes consist of small forms which occur in Palaeozoic rocks. In none of them are the appendages known, but in the form of the two carapaces and the presence of free somites they are distinctly intermediate between Limulus and the Trilobitae. The young form of Limulus itself (fig. 40) is also similar to a Trilobite so far as its segmentation and trilobation are concerned. The lateral eyes of Limulus appear to be identical in structure and position with those of certain Trilobitae. ”

“ Many of the spinning moths use leaves for their outer foundation. Some appear as if snugly rolled in a leaf and hanging from a twig, but examination will prove that the stem is silk covered to hold the case when the leaf loosens. This is the rule with all Promethea cocoons I ever have seen. Polyphemus selects a cluster of leaves very frequently thorn, and weaves its cocoon against three, drawing them together and spinning a support the length of the stems, so that when the leaf is ready to fall the cocoon is safely anchored. ”

“ The evidence, then, points strongly in favour of Cope's view that the most primitive fishes were Agnatha, after the fashion of cyclostomes, as is also believed by Smith Woodward, Bashford Dean, and Jaekel.
Among living animals, as I have shown, the Limulus is the sole survivor of the palæostracan type, and Ammocœtes alone gives a clue to the nature of the cephalaspid, i.e. the osteostracan fish. ”

“ But most important of the evidences presented by the trilobites of affinity with Limulus, and therefore with the Arachnida, is the tendency less marked in some, strongly carried out in others, to form a pygidial or telsonic shield—a fusion of the posterior somites of the body, which is precisely identical in character with the metasomatic carapace of Limulus. ”

“ Watase [Biol. Studies, Johns Hopkins Univ. 1880, 4:287] in consequence of his investigation of the compound eyes of arthropods considers the ommatidium of the lateral eye of Limulus as making the nearest approach to the primitive condition. "It is nothing more and nothing less," he states, "than a depression in the skin, with the thickened chitinous cuticle fitting in the open cavity and acting as a lens to condense the light." ”

“ When in my field work among the birds, so many moths of other families almost had thrust themselves upon me that I began a collection of reproductions of them, I found little difficulty in securing almost anything else. I could picture Sphinx Moths in any position I chose, and Lunas seemed eager to pose for me. A friend carried to me a beautiful tan-coloured Polyphemus with transparent moons like isinglass set in its wings of softest velvet down, and as for butterflies, it was not necessary to go afield for them ”

“ Secondary adaptations have arisen in Limulus, the cephalic appendages being forcipated, adapted as supports to the body and for pushing it onward through the sand or mud, while the abdominal legs are broad and flat, adapted for swimming and bearing the broad gill-leaves. ”

“ In these forms there appear to be, so far as we now know, no differentiation into mandibles, maxillæ, maxillipedes, and thoracic legs, or into gonopoda. The same lack of diversity of structure and function of the head-appendages has survived, with little change, in Limulus. In the trilobites (Fig. 1) none of the limbs have yet been found to end in claws or forceps; being in this respect nearly as primitive as in the worms. ”

“ The Limulus has seized with its chelate claws the protruding siphon of this mollusc, which, being rapidly drawn in, drags with it the limb of the king-crab, and the valves of the clam are swiftly snapped to. ”

“ Polyphemus is depicted as in love with the sea-nymph Galatea and finding solace in song: in vi. he is cured of his passion and naively relates how he repulses the overtures now made to him by Galatea. ”

“ They were cannibals,—feeding on the bodies of men whom they killed by grasping them in their hands and beating them against the rocks which formed the sides of their den. Some men whom one of these monsters, named Polyphemus, had shut up in his cavern, contrived to surprise their keeper in his sleep, and though they were wholly unable to kill him on account of his colossal magnitude, they succeeded in putting out his eye, and Æneas and his companions saw the blinded giant, as they passed along the coast, wading in the sea, and bathing his wound. ”

“ If we take Limulus as the only living type of the Palæostraca, we are struck with the fact that the animal consists to all intents and purposes of prosomatic and mesosomatic regions only; the metasoma consisting of the segments posterior to the mesosoma is very insignificant, so that the large mass of the animal consists of what has become the head-region in the vertebrate; the spinal region, which has become in the higher vertebrates by far the largest region of the body, can hardly be said to exist in such an animal as Limulus. ”

“ In the living representative of such forms—Limulus—the pair of median eyes (Fig. 5) is well shown, and it is significant that here, according to Lankester and Bourne, these eyes are already in a condition of degeneration; so also in many of the Palæostraca (Fig. 7) the lateral eyes are the large, well-developed eyes, while the median eyes resemble those of Limulus in their insignificance. ”

“ At one place the track led through what looked like a colony of giant lycopodium. They drooped above the ferns in weeping sprays of bronzy-green—it was like riding under a shower of golden rain—yet these were young rimus in their babyhood. In twenty years or more, the moss-like form will grow stiff and branch erect into the forest tree, though the ends of its branches always, to some extent, retain the graceful, weeping growth. Among all the baffling secrets of the forest, this utter diversity between the young and the mature form of many of its trees, is the most baffling. ”

“ The gelatinous bodies of these Polypes are furnished with the power of secreting carbonate of Lime, with which they form a basis of attachment, and cell of retreat. These calcareous cells not only endure beyond the life of the Polypes that secreted them, but approach so nearly to Limestone in their chemical composition, that at the death of the Polype they remain permanently attached to the bottom. ”

“ A polype, feeding on minute annelids and crustaceans which, flitting through the water, come in contact with its tentacles, and limited to that quantity of prey which chance brings within its grasp, buds out young polypes which, either as a colony or as dispersed individuals, spread their tentacles through a larger space of water than the parent alone can; and by producing them, the parent better insures the continuance of its species than it would do if it went on slowly growing until its nutrition was nearly balanced by its waste, and then multiplied by gamogenesis. ”

“ The polypi keep themselves concealed for two months in the year; they do not live beyond two years, and always die of consumption. I must not omit here the observations which Lucullus, the proconsul of Bætica, made with reference to the polypus, and which Trebius Niger, one of his suite, has published. He says that it is remarkably fond of shell-fish, and that these, the moment that they feel themselves touched by it, close their valves, and cut off the feelers of the polypus, thus making a meal at the expense of the plunderer. ”

“ So ran my thoughts as I rested on the warm ground, gazing up into the foliage, green as young grass in the lower, shady parts, and above luminous with the bright sunlight, and full of the murmuring sounds of insect life. My every action, word, thought, had my feeling for Rima as a motive. Why, I began to ask myself, was Rima so much to me? It was easy to answer that question: Because nothing so exquisite had ever been created. All the separate and fragmentary beauty and melody and graceful motion found scattered throughout nature were concentrated and harmoniously combined in her. ”

“ A man brought me a living Polyphemus battered to rags and fringes, antennae broken and three feet missing. He had found a woman trying to beat the clinging creature loose from a door screen, with a towel, before the wings were hardened for flight, and he rescued the remains. There was nothing to say; some people are not happy unless they are killing helpless, harmless creatures; and there was nothing to do.
The moth was useless for a study, while its broken antennae set it crazy, and it shook and trembled continually, going out without depositing any eggs. ”

“ It is, however, natural to consider a polypus, furnished with a mouth, intestines, and other organs, as a distinct individual, whereas the individuality of a leaf-bud is not easily realised; so that the union of separate individuals in a common body is more striking in a coralline than in a tree. ”

“ Some few even among coral-polyps live individual lives, but the greater number follow the community-system. This must always be looked upon as an inferior way of existence.
The most usual way in which polyps increase is by “budding”—not unlike the growth of a plant by buds. A small lump appears on one side of the parent, which increases fast in size, develops a mouth and tentacles, and by-and-by gives birth itself to other buds. The increase of numbers is enormous. One polyp may produce in a short time thousands or even tens of thousands of descendants. ”

“ The progress of discovery, since Réaumur's time, has made us very completely acquainted with the structure and habits of all these polypes. We know that, among the sea-anemones and coral-forming animals, each polype has a mouth leading to a stomach, which is open at its inner end, and thus communicates freely with the general cavity of the body; that the tentacles placed round the mouth are hollow, and that they perform the part of arms in seizing and capturing prey. ”

“ Where the outside conditions are not very favourable, practically all the British species may be grown with ease under glass. In such conditions many kinds which do not flourish very freely in the open garden, grow into handsome specimens. A case in point is the Sea Spleenwort, which is an exceedingly difficult subject to establish out of doors, yet it grows well as a pot plant. Whatever the species, it is well to imitate the natural conditions as much as possible in the way of soil. For instance, the Limestone Polypody is not happy unless there is a certain amount of lime present in the soil. ”

“ The higher the temperature, the greater the variety and profusion of the coral. During life the skeleton is covered with soft flesh, the surface of which is thickly studded with star-like animals called polyps. In this way millions of polyps are sometimes clustered together in one community. As they wave their delicate tentacles of white, green, or rose color, they are said to be very beautiful, especially if seen in the bright sunlight through water that is clear and still. ”

“ Not a single species, or even a single genus of those early strata, is identical with any that exists now. The Coral-polypes, for instance, while allied to ours, are quite distinct from them, though endowed with similar powers and habits, so that we may reason from analogy on the laws of their deposits. ”

“ The species are multiplied by a kind of vegetation, one or two, or even more young ones, emerging gradually from the sides of the parent animal; and these young ones are frequently again prolific before they drop off; so that it is no uncommon thing to see two or three generations at once on the same Polyp. But the most astonishing fact respecting this animal is, that if a Polyp be cut in pieces, it is not destroyed, but is multiplied by dissection. ”