Hyparxis

“ So spoke Hans Von Bloom. It was bold language for so young a naturalist!
It is true there was much reason in his holding to the opinion that the hyrax is no pachyderm. Its habits are so unlike those of the thick-skinned brutes—its mode of life so different from that of a rhinoceros.
Its habits are very simple, and can be told in a few words. It is gregarious; dwells upon the mountains, and in the most rocky places; makes its den in the crevices and caves that are found there, steals forth to eat or bask in the sun; runs timidly and with a shy suspicious look ”

“ And cases of sphacelus connected with this cause, in addition to other inconveniences, are attended with great danger to the whole body. For they are apt to be attended with very acute fevers, of the continual type, accompanied with tremblings, hiccup, aberration of intellect, and which prove fatal within a few days: and there may be lividities of bloody veins, with nausea, and gangrene from pressure; these diseases may occur, besides the sphacelus. Those which have been described are the most violent contusion ”

“ Parasitic cysts are produced by the growth within the tissues of cyst-forming parasites, the best known being the tænia echinococcus, which gives rise to the hydatid cyst. The liver is by far the most common site of hydatid cysts in the human subject.
With regard to the further life-history of hydatids, the living elements of the cyst may die and degenerate, or the cyst may increase in size until it ruptures. As a result of pyogenic infection the cyst may be converted into an abscess. ”

“ The exogenous and endogenous hydatids may coexist in the same bearer. In the lower animals we commonly find the organs of the body occupied by numerous lobulated cysts, varying in size from a walnut to a goose’s egg, but sometimes rather larger. They are rarely solitary, being particularly liable to occupy both the liver and lungs in the same animal. The viscera are sometimes crowded with cysts. The hydatids do not usually protrude much beyond the surface of the infested organ, but lie imbedded within its parenchymatous substance. ”

“ The husk is of one valve, the petals not even close at the base, the threads flat, the summits three, and halbert-shaped, the shaft pillar-shape and short, &c. But, as upon our old plea, we do not choose to change generic names when long established, this plant, for us, must still remain an Hypoxis; tho’ it could not now be placed, at any rate, to Fabricia, as that title is given to a family of plants, natives of New Holland. The star-flowered Hypoxis is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, is rather a tender bulb, and does not often flower. ”

“ The tendency of the hysteric to exhibit symptoms similar to those of other persons in his environment is thus thoroughly in accord with the close relation between hysteria and suggestion. It would seem as if the chief difference between hysteria and hypnotism is that, while in hypnotism the manifestations are due to the suggestion of another person, they are in the case of hysteria the result of the unwitting process of mimesis which forms one aspect of suggestion. ”

“ But these things were more formidable in appearance than dangerous; for when the concoction in these cases turned to a these cases turned to a suppuration, most of them recovered; but when the inflammation and erysipelas disappeared, and when no abscess was formed, a great number of these died. In like manner, the same things happened to whatever part of the body the disease wandered, for in many cases both forearm and arm dropped off ”

“ Hysteria is distinguished from hypochondriasis, as in the latter there are no retrograde motions of the alimentary canal, but simply a debility or inirritability of it, with distention and flatulency. It is distinguished from apepsia and cardialgia by there being nothing ejected from the stomach by the retrograde motions of it, or of the œsophagus. ”

“ When the pericardial fluid becomes much increased, the friction sound ceases, as does also the impulse of the heart, which at first usually palpitates, then becomes fluttering, feeble, and intermittent, and at last can with difficulty be heard. Percussion gives a dull sound in the region of the heart, but just behind it, as well as in other parts of the lungs; if there is no disease in them, or Hydrothorax, the resonance in those parts will serve to distinguish Hydrops Pericardii from Hydrothorax. ”

“ In some individuals (e.g., QCAZ 41575) broad transversal bands are present on the dorsum; narrower brown transversal bars are present on the dorsal surfaces of the limbs (one or two on the upper arm and forearm and three to five on the thigh, shank, and foot) . In some individuals, scattered minute brown dots may be present on dorsum (e.g., QCAZ 48584) . The coloration of flanks and hidden surfaces of thighs vary from pale cream to creamy white, brown or gray, with dark brown vertical bars (4 to 12 on each flank and 6 to 12 on each thigh) . ”

“ An inflamed and irritable state of the spinal ganglia, nerve tract, or peripheral branches is directly responsible for the eruption, and this state may be due to atmospheric changes, cold, nerve-injuries and similar influences. The view has also been advanced that the disease is of specific and infectious character.
Give the chief diagnostic features of herpes zoster.
The prodromic neuralgic pain, the appearance of grouped vesicles upon inflammatory bases following the course of a nerve tract, and the limitation of the eruption to one side of the body. ”

“ The clypeiform hypostoma is divided in two fields, one anterior larger, in the centre elevated in a short, blunt knob, and a posterior, bearing the two elevated rounded maculæ, just below the semicircular groove which separates it from the anterior field. These fields are surrounded by a large border which is posteriorly emarginated through a short rounded sinus. The surface is entirely covered by small semiglobular wartlets perforated by a straight pore or duct, which being filled with a black mineral, probably iron pyrites, gives a peculiar and characteristic aspect to the sections. ”

“ They quickly advance into the interior of the muscular fasciculi, where they live 568 and multiply in continuous series, while the surrounding structures as well as the muscular tissue undergo a process of histolysis. The destructive nature of the parasite is very great.
The number of progeny produced by one female may amount to several thousands, and as soon as they leave the egg they either penetrate through the blood-vessels, or are carried on by the circulation, and ultimately become lodged in the muscles situated in the most distant parts of the body. ”

“ As we may gather from the passages of Scripture which have already been mentioned, the Hyrax inhabits rocky places, and lives in the clefts that are always found in such localities. It is an exceedingly active creature, leaping from rock to rock with wonderful rapidity, its little sharp hoofs giving it a firm hold of the hard and irregular surface of the stony ground. Even in captivity it retains much of its activity, and flies about its cage with a rapidity that seems more suitable to a squirrel than to an animal allied to the rhinoceros and hippopotamus. ”

“ Should the Hyrax manage to catch a glimpse of the enemy, it utters a shrill cry or squeal, and darts at once to its hole—an action which is followed by all its companions as soon as they hear the warning cry. It is a tolerably prolific animal, rearing four or five young at a birth, and keeping them in a soft bed of hay and fur, in which they are almost hidden. If surprised in its hole and seized, the Hyrax will bite very sharply, its long chisel-edged teeth inflicting severe wounds on the hand that attempts to grasp it. ”

“ In the severe variety—ichthyosis hystrix—in addition to scaliness there is marked papillary hypertrophy, forming warty or spinous patches. This type is rare, and, as a rule, the surface involved is more or less limited.
Are there any inflammatory symptoms in ichthyosis?
No. In fact, beyond the disfigurement, the disease causes no inconvenience; in those well-marked cases, however, in which the scales are thick and more or less immovable, the natural mobility of the parts is compromised and fissuring often occurs. ”

“ Each set of parasites freely communicated with the knee-joint, necessitating amputation of the limb.
The very large museum connected with Guy’s Hospital is rich in hydatids. When, some time ago, I spent several days in going over the collection, I examined seventy-six preparations, representing apparently seventy separate cases of this affection. Amongst the noteworthy specimens one lung hydatid was intimately associated with a thoracic aneurism, two others being connected with the pleura ”

“ About fourteen different kinds of hyrax are known, some of which are found in Africa, and the others in Arabia, Syria, and Palestine. They all live in rocky districts high up on the sides of mountains, a great number making their burrows close to one another, just as rabbits do in a warren. They are very active and sure of foot, and scamper up and down the sides of the rocks with the greatest ease. ”

“ The highest loadings for PC I were tibia length, femur length, and foot length; for PC II it was tympanum diameter (Table 8) . The morphometric space shows high overlap among species (Fig. 7B) . The first PC shows a partial segregation between Hypsiboas maculateralis (shorts limbs) and Hypsiboas calcaratus (long limbs) . Comparisons of PC I between males of the six species show significant differences between Hypsiboas fasciatus and Hypsiboas almendarizae relative to Hypsiboas calcaratus and Hypsiboas alfaroi (all P values for t tests < 0.02) ”

“ This mechanism may activate spontaneously once the hypnozoite has become susceptible, and spontaneous activation presumably usually explains the first relapse after a long latent period, but once susceptible activation is much more likely with an external systemic illness such as malaria. Activation must involve signaling via the infected hepatocyte (which is very sensitive to systemic inflammatory responses) . Importantly the individual probability of activation for each hypnozoite is low, allowing accumulation of latent but "activatable" hypnozoites after each sporozoite inoculum. ”

“ But in proportion to the ingesta he should have evacuations twice or thrice in the day, once at night and more copiously in the morning, as is customary with a person in health. The faeces should become thicker when the disease is tending to a crisis; they ought to be yellowish and not very fetid. It is favorable that round worms be passed with the discharges when the disease is tending to a crisis. The belly, too, through the whole disease, should be soft and moderately distended ”

“ In a great many Hydrozoa the ectoderm secretes a chitinous protective tube called the "perisarc." The mouth is usually a small round aperture situated on the summit of the hypostome, and at the base of the hypostome there may be one or two crowns of tentacles or an area bearing irregularly scattered tentacles. The tentacles may be hollow, containing a cavity continuous with the coelenteric cavity of the body; or solid, the endoderm cells arranged in a single row forming an axial support for the ectoderm. ”

“ The ulna is slightly more distinct than in the horse; and the whole length of it, as a very slender shaft, intimately united with the radius, is completely traceable. The fibula appears to be in the same condition as in the horse. The teeth of the Hipparion are essentially similar to those of the horse, but the pattern of the grinders is in some respects a little more complex, and there is a depression on the face of the skull in front of the orbit, which is not seen in existing horses. ”

“ It may also affect females of robust muscular constitutions. It very rarely attacks the male sex; the only disease in them, somewhat analogous to it, is hypochondriasm. The regular hysterick paroxism generally attacks by surprize, with a sensation of some pain and fulness, and of a convoluted ball or lump, rising up from the lower part of the{336} belly to the stomach and throat, where it seems to stick, and excites efforts to cough it up, or to gulp it down; with difficulty of swallowing and sense of strangulation, and often suspension of the functions of voice and speech. ”

“ A number of illustrations of postures and facial expressions of patients in the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris arc inserted and lend force to the author's thesis that most of the phenomena characteristic of the extreme degrees of hypnotization and suggestibility may occur in that condition of disturbed equilibrium of the patient, male or female, known as hysteria. In the latter condition there is often an auto-suggestion that, like the hetero-suggestion inducing hypnotism, abolishes the power of the will ”

“ The mouth of the Hippoboscidæ is long and sharp, forming a proboscis. The thorax and abdomen are flat and leathery. The legs are stout and strong, and terminate in large dentate claws and other structures of use in holding on to the hair or feathers of their host when blood-sucking. ”

“ In the Hipparion the teeth nearly resemble those of the Horses, though the crowns of the grinders are not so long; like those of the Horses, they are abundantly coated with cement. The shaft of the ulna is reduced to a mere style ankylosed throughout nearly its whole length with the radius, and appearing to be little more than a ridge on the surface of the latter bone until it is carefully examined. ”