Metabolic waste product

“ While work is being done certain wastes are formed in the cell. Carbon dioxide is given off when carbon is burned. But when proteins are burned, another waste product containing nitrogen is formed. This must be passed off from the cells, as it is a poison. Here again the lymph and blood, the common carriers, take the waste material to points where it may be excreted or passed out of the body. ”

“ Metabolism and excretion and the rates of metabolism and excretion can be affected by age, diet, general health status, race, and other factors. In general, the metabolic products will be more water soluble than the parent chemical. Where metabolism yields more than one product, the relative amounts of each and the parent-metabolite ratios are affected by an individual's general health status, diet, genetic makeup, degree of hydration, time after exposure, and other factors. The kidney is the major organ of excretion and is the primary route for water-soluble substances. ”

“ We can think of two ways in which metabolism might cause fatigue; the first of these is by using up the materials which furnish energy; clearly no cells can go on working after they have exhausted their supplies of fuel. The second results from the fact that metabolism produces waste products. It is a familiar fact of chemistry that when the substances formed in chemical processes are not removed they interfere with the processes themselves. In active muscles very rapid metabolism is going on and large quantities of waste substance are being formed ”

“ Repair and Elimination of Waste (Metabolism)
Every part of the body is constantly changing. Its work never stops. If kept in thorough repair it must be torn down and rebuilt incessantly. These chemical changes are called collectively metabolism. They are divided into two groups: the chemical process of building up complex substances from simple ones is known as anabolism; the chemical process of oxidizing and breaking down the complex substances into simple ones, so that they are in a state to be excreted, is catabolism. ”

“ While the process of oxidation in catabolism is going on, heat and energy are set free. Most of the chemical changes in the body are catabolic in character. This work of tearing down and rebuilding body tissues never ceases—even in sleep.
It is not enough that the proper foods be furnished the body in kind and quantity. The essential thing is that the system be kept in condition to assimilate the foods to its needs and to promptly eliminate the waste. Few people assimilate all of the foods eaten; nearly every one eats more than necessary for the body needs. ”

“ Where there is an interference with the functions resulting in abnormal metabolism there is always an accumulation of waste products and poisons. The accumulation of the waste products and the correspondingly lowered resistance in these structures provide a fertile field for the growth and development of the bacteria that are found in the particular incoördination. ”

“ In the Far East, for more than thirty centuries, these enormous wastes have been religiously saved and today the four hundred million of adult population send back to their fields annually 150,000 tons of phosphorus; 376,000 tons of potassium, and 1,158,000 tons of nitrogen comprised in a gross weight exceeding 182 million tons, gathered from every home, from the country villages and from the great cities like Hankow-Wuchang-Hanyang with its 1,770,000 people swarming on a land area delimited by a radius of four miles.
Man is the most extravagant accelerator of waste the world has ever endured. ”

“ The red cells are liable to become damaged and anemia results. It has now been proved that even tiny doses of alcohol paralyze more or less the white cells, and thus interfere with their power of destroying microbes. Chemical substances tend to exert a delaying or inhibitory influence over the chemical processes of the body. These chemical processes are oxidation, the storing up of nutriment, the manufacture of secretion, the production of energy and muscular movement, and the excretion of waste materials. ”

“ If our diet is unbalanced, Nature has the power to convert one chemical into another—a secret yet unknown to modern science.
Injurious effects of congested waste matter
While the tendency of Nature is to maintain normality by casting the debris [414] out of the body, she demands that we obey the laws of motion and oxidation. If we do not observe these laws, the debris or matter she cannot use will accumulate, and congestion and constipation will take place. The excess of food thus actually clogs the system and generates in the intestines the poisons which cause autointoxication. ”

“ Toxins are divided into two groups; namely exogenous, those formed in the alimentary canal from fermentation and decomposition following imperfect or faulty digestion. If the fermentation is of vegetables or fruit, the toxins are irritating, stimulating and enervating, but not so dangerous or destructive to organic life as putrefaction, which is a fermentation set up in nitrogenous matter--protein-bearing foods, but particularly animal foods. Endogenous toxins are autogenerated. They are the waste products of metabolism. ”

“ We also confirm a metabolic imbalance in energy and carbohydrate metabolism. Although a clear mechanistic link between alterations in the GM feed and the possible health effects following long-term consumption of this product remains to be established, the evidence we present clearly shows that NK603 and non-GM isogenic maize are not substantially equivalent and the nutritional quality of GM feed might be hampered by metabolic imbalances related to plant energy and stress metabolism. ”

“ Hence the nitrogenizing of the surplus carbo-hydrates is not accounted for. One more difficulty remains. If the energy given out by a muscle results from the katabolic consumption of its proteids, then the quantity of nitrogenous waste matters formed should be proportionate to the quantity of work done. ”

“ In the matter of metabolism the advantage is not all upon one side. In the katabolic process of that which each discards are the two classes of life mutually complimentary,—the waste of the one being the want of the other,—carbonic acid gas being given off by the animal, oxygen by the plant. In biologic economy it is daily more 352 demonstrable that both are necessary constituents to an advancing whole, and that each pays for what it gets by what it gives in return. ”

“ In old age the waste is greater than the supply, and the body diminishes. It is unquestionable, that, with the exception of a certain quantity of carbon and hydrogen, which are secreted through the skin and lungs, we obtain, in the solid and fluid excrements of man and animals, all the elements of their food.
We obtain daily, in the form of urea, all the nitrogen taken in the food both of the young and the adult; and further, in the urine, the whole amount of the alkalies, soluble phosphates and sulphates, contained in all the various aliments. ”

“ Our results show that proteins whose levels were altered were reflective of oxidative stress and changes in fatty acid metabolism. Proteome alterations were typical of disturbances measured in cases of peroxisomal proliferation, steatosis and necrosis. Metabolome analysis confirmed the induction of oxidative stress, and revealed hallmarks of hepatotoxicity. Overall, metabolome and proteome disturbances showed a substantial overlap with biomarkers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and thus confirm metabolic dysfunction resulting from chronic exposure to an ultra-low dose of Roundup. ”

“ So long as carbo-hydrates or fats are freely supplied, no increase in nitrogenous waste matters follows prolonged muscular exertion; but if they are withheld, or if the muscular exertion is excessive, then there is an increase in the waste nitrogenous substances. ”

“ Assimilation of nutritive materials is impossible, unless a like amount of matter be eliminated from the system. Muscular and nervous energy are dependent upon activities which cause waste. Not only is this true in a general way, but it is also true that the energy produced by the operations of the vital system has a strict relation to the wasting products—that full energy is only attained by perfected waste. ”

“ Finally, to demonstrate the value of this contribution to the aggressive resources of this country, it may be stated that the 1,800 tons of glycerine derived from the 18,000 tons of tallow recovered from the army swill-tubs, rendered it possible to turn out sufficient nitro-glycerine to serve as the propellant charges for 18,000,000 eighteen-pounder shells.
The success accomplished with the army waste fat and grease prompts the obvious inquiry as to why comparative methods cannot be adopted in civilian circles. The average household has but little conception of the value of its fat losses. ”

“ However, to date, there has been little research on the use of metabolic profiling to compare or predict the nutraceutical (bioactive) properties (the health promotion effects in human and animal models) of many plant cultivars. Therefore, elucidating the relationship between the metabolome and the bioactivity of diverse cultivars could be a novel strategy for identifying the nutraceutical potential of various plant cultivars for functional food design. ”

“ The total amount of body fluid is not large, for the spaces among the cells are in most cases extremely tiny; it follows that with all the millions of cells absorbing food materials and oxygen from this fluid and discharging waste materials into it the time will soon come when no more food or oxygen will be left to be absorbed and there will be no more capacity for holding waste substances. If this state of affairs were actually to happen, metabolism would come to an end and death would be the result ”

“ At least a part of the carbonic acid is the waste product arising from the decomposition of the carbo-hydrate.
Now if the muscle receives no carbo-hydrate, or an inadequate supply of it, it does not follow that it will stop working. Experiment has shown the contrary. It will still work, using up the fat in the first instance; and if there is an inadequate supply of fat, it actually uses up proteid matter, or, in other words, it uses its own substance. If an animal is caused to work very hard, we do not find an increase in the excretion of the nitrogenous waste matters, as Liebig supposed ”

“ LC-MS can be adapted to a wide range of molecules, such as secondary metabolites [6] . Metabolomic studies coupled with chemometric methods including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares (PLS) regression analysis have been used to explore the relationships between the metabolome of diverse plant species and their genotype, origin, vintage, quality, or other specific attributes [7] – [8] . Metabolic profiling techniques are often used to evaluate the nutraceutical (nutritional or physiological) value of a single plant cultivar for quality control and breading. ”

“ But all our experience, hitherto, has proved, that even those cells which are constructed on a simple plan morphologically do, when studied from a purely chemical point of view, show exceedingly complicated relations. Indeed, the study of the processes of metabolism in unicellular forms of life is a study all the more difficult, in comparison with that of more complicated organisms, in that, in the former, it is so difficult to separate the actually absorbed materials from the metabolic by-products, and these again from the secretory or excretory products. ”

“ A mere excess of food, even of the non-nitrogenous variety, must entail a large amount of unnecessary work, thereby using up a proportional amount of energy for its own disposal, since once introduced into the body it must be digested and absorbed, otherwise it undergoes fermentation and putrefaction in the stomach and intestines, causing countless troubles. When absorbed in quantities beyond the real needs of the body, it may be temporarily deposited as fat, but why load up the system with unnecessary material, thereby interfering with the free running of the machinery? ”

“ The dry steam or jacketed vacuum process is especially adapted to the treatment of fresh fat waste, the reclaimed product of which is primarily intended for the preparation of edible foodstuffs, such as oleo-margarine. By carrying out reclamation without bringing the steam into contact with the fat several distinct advantages are obtained, the most important being the retention of the natural properties of the fat, and no loss of glycerine which otherwise is inevitable to a certain degree. ”

“ The fact that in the course of the treatment the material is raised to a temperature approaching 600 degrees Fahrenheit—where the superheated steam comes into contact with the waste to expel the fat—effectively disposes of all germ life inimical to the health of both animals and human beings, while it is also clean to handle and odourless, it being impossible, from mere cursory examination of the fertilizer, for the lay mind to determine its origin. ”

“ Additional experiments are urgently required to determine the metabolic demands for minerals—in particular, the metabolic balance of calcium, potassium, sodium, and phosphorus. Under conditions of high water consumption, large mineral losses are to be expected. Failure to replace these can cause an imbalance which could impair the efficiency of the individual to the extent of endangering the flight. ”

“ Anaerobic chemistry is slow and does not generate much heat, so a pile that suddenly cools off is giving a strong indication that the core may lack air. The primary waste products of aerobes are water and carbon dioxide gas—inoffensive substances. When most people think of putrefaction they are actually picturing decomposition by anaerobic bacteria. With insufficient oxygen, foul-smelling materials are created. Instead of humus being formed, black, tarlike substances develop that are much less useful in soil. Under airless conditions much nitrate is permanently lost. ”