Resin

“ The resin soap liquor when made is ready to be used. The proportions of resin and alkali used in the boil vary in different works, but, as a rule, the quantities for 10,000 lb. of goods are 430 lb. of 58 per cent. soda ash, 180 lb. of resin, and 80 lb. of 70 per cent. caustic soda. Too much resin should be avoided, as it is found that with an excess the whites obtained are not nearly so good as when the right quantity is used; on the other hand, too little acts much in the same way. It may be taken that from 11⁄2 to 13⁄4 per cent. of the weight of the goods is about the right proportion ”

“ Exercise care in order not to get more ink on some spots than on others. The plate, now completely rolled, is placed in the finely powdered resin, with which it must be completely covered. For the space of two minutes the oily color absorbs the powder, which should, therefore, be strewn on it and rubbed off repeatedly. If saturation in the cold has taken place, dust off lightly with brush and cotton, blow off well, and heat uniformly to 35° C. The resin should not melt now, but should only grow sticky and combine intimately with the color, which forms the binding material. ”

“ Fillers and pigments may be added, although pigments containing iron and zinc have harmful effects on the stability of the resin. The fillers used are wood flour, mica, talc, and alpha cellulose. Fillers reduce the mechanical strength of the resin and lessen its resistance to water. Plasticizers, such as dibutyl phthalate or tricresyl phosphate, give a softer, more flexible resin. Resins from the copolymers resemble the cellulose derivatives in their molding characteristics, mechanical strength, and appearance. ”

“ The soft resins or balsams are kneadable, and sometimes even semi-fluid; they represent solutions of resins in volatile oils, or a mixture of volatile oil and [Pg 156] resin. On exposure to the air they are changed by the volatile oil suffering oxidation, they becoming then more or less hard, and may be converted into actual resins. The gum-resins are mixtures of vegetable gum, resin, and volatile oils, and are obtained by inspissation of the milky juice of several plants. When triturated with water they yield a milky, turbid fluid, and dissolve only partially in alcohol. ”

“ Tar-acid resins for laminating.—The manufacture of laminated resin products is most economic when done on a large scale, in which case the impregnation of the paper or fabric becomes a continuous process, the material feeding from a roll through resin sirup and then through drying towers, where time and heat may be controlled. ”

“ A synthetic resin combining the properties mentioned, together with high tensile and impact strength, good dielectric properties, ultraviolet transmission, and resistance to water, oil, acids, and alkalies is an important contribution. ”

“ Synthetic resin.—A complex, substantially amorphous, organic semisolid or solid material (usually a mixture of substances) built up by chemical reaction of comparatively simple compounds and, depending upon the temperature at which the examination is made, approximating the natural resins in various physical properties: namely, luster, fracture, comparative brittleness, insolubility in water, fusibility or plasticity when heated or exposed to heat and pressure, and, at a certain more or less narrow temperature range before fusion, showing a degree of rubberlike extensibility ”

“ When incisions are made in the stems, branches and roots of certain plants, a milky juice exudes, which gradually hardens in the air; and appears to be formed of resin and essential oil, held suspended in water charged with gum, and sometimes with other vegetable matters, such as caoutchouc, bassorine, starch, wax, and several saline matters. The said concrete juice is called a gum-resin; an improper name, as it gives a false idea of the nature of the substance. They are all solid; heavier than water; in general opaque and brittle; many have an acrid taste, and a strong smell ”

“ This resin is imported in irregular masses, some of which are transparent, of a yellowish or brown colour, others are whitish and semi-transparent. It possesses a more agreeable odour than frankincense, but is, unlike other gums and resins, neither soluble in water nor in spirit of wine. By these properties it resembles amber; which has induced some to consider it a mineral bitumen similar to that substance. ”

“ It is sometimes necessary to re-etch the stone; if so, the damp stone is rolled up with thin ink and allowed to dry, it is then dusted over with finely powdered resin, the superfluous resin is removed by means of a wet sponge, and the surface is page 18 painted over with a solution of gum arabic mixed with dilute nitric acid. If the resin is well incorporated with the ink, the work will suffer no damage in the process. ”

“ In this type the soluble fusible resin (form A) is dissolved in an organic solvent such as acetone or the various alcohols, and conversion of the resin to the insoluble, infusible state (form C) is effected by baking the film.
Coatings made from tar-acid resins are widely used in so-called 4-hour enamels and varnishes, for both interior and exterior application. They are also used in the manufacture of linoleum, artificial leather, adhesives, and printing inks. When incorporated with nitrocellulose or cellulose acetate lacquers they improve the adhesion, luster, and resistance to alkalies. ”

“ Impregnation of all sorts of materials with tar-acid resins is an increasing use; such applications are in fabrics for aircraft, crease resistant textiles, wood, asbestos, concrete, and electrical coils. Wood with resin forced into the fiber under pressure is used for furniture, flooring, heads for golf clubs, and handles for utensils. Resin is used as a binder in the manufacture of brake linings for automobiles, as well as in the manufacture of abrasive and grinding wheels. ”

“ By melting good yellow resin, 1 cwt.,with linseed oil, 1 gall., and palm oil (bright) , q. s. to colour. The mixture is allowed to cool considerably, and is then pulled with the hands in the same way as lead plaster is treated; after which it is placed in ‘bladders’ or ‘stands’ for sale.
Obs. The product of the above formula is the ‘Burgundy pitch’ of the shops. The ‘pulling’ or ‘working’ destroys the translucency of the resin, and imparts to it the peculiar semi-opacity of foreign Burgundy pitch. Cold water is commonly employed to cool it down. ”

“ Parts used: — The oil, and resin.
Use: — Under the influence of gentle heat, it combines with wax and oil and forms an excellent resinous ointment; it forms a good substitute for officinal resin (G. Bidie.) From the fruit is obtained a solid fatty oil, which has obtained considerable repute as local application in chronic rheumatism and some other painful affections. It might be employed as a basis for ointments, &c. (Ph. Ind., p. 33.) Fine shavings of the resin are said by Irvine to be administered internally to check diarrhœa (WATT) . ”

“ As in middle etching, we must proceed to the formation of an etching varnish by dusting with gums, placing into resin, by lightly rubbing this resin on in constantly renewed layers, till the absorptive power of the ink ceases; then warming and dusting warm with the same resin to complete saturation; then raising the heat as above, and dusting with asphaltum to saturation, heating stronger and finally placing the hot plate into asphaltum, which again secures all parts covered with ink and resin. ”

“ The plate is now etched slightly in a weak solution of nitric acid; it is then rinsed, dabbed dry and placed upon a hot plate until the resin has stuck well to the ink. When cool, the margins, sides and back are protected from the action of the acid by means of a varnish and the plate is given its first real etch, which is a very slight one. After rinsing and drying, the plate is again heated until the ink and resin have melted and flowed down the exposed sides of the ridges of metal produced in the first etching. ”

“ Tar-acid resin coatings may be varied in composition and properties to meet a particular purpose. Possible variations depend on the type or mixture of tar acid used (phenol, cresols, xylenols, tertiary amyl phenol, tertiary butyl phenol, phenyl phenol) , whether the condensation takes place in the presence of an acid or an alkali, and on the proportion of formaldehyde used. The resin so formed may be modified with natural resins, synthetic resins of the alkyd type, fatty acids, or other materials. The almost endless opportunities for different types can, therefore, readily be appreciated. ”

“ The ink can be obtained in a liquid form and the two others in solid state. All three materials consist principally of soap, tallow, wax, resin, and soot. Soap and tallow give the necessary grease, wax and resin give hardness and consistency, and soot the colour. The proportion of grease in the drawing materials must be so great that even the finest lines or points of a drawing can be well transferred to the stone, so that they may not be attacked by the proper etching solution, and do not break away from the stone by continuous printing. ”

“ At present the resins produced in largest volume are the alkyd resins for use in surface coatings; the tar-acid resins for molding, laminating, and surface coatings; the urea resins, chiefly for moldings; and the cast phenolic resins. Roughly, the price per pound of pure resin material [12] for these various resins may be compared as follows:
Because the cost of the filler is less per pound than the cost of the resin, the cost of the tar-acid and urea molding powders will be less than the figures given for the pure resin. ”

“ A quantity of resin is procured, which they melt and mix with powdered charcoal, and, during the process of cooling, it is diligently kneaded, until, being converted to the consistency of gum, it is drawn out into long, narrow bars. ”

“ Chemical Composition—Gamboge consists of a mixture of resin with 15 to 20 per cent. of gum. The resin dissolves easily in alcohol, forming a clear liquid of fine yellowish-red hue, and not decidedly acid reaction. It forms darker-coloured solutions with ammonia or the fixed alkalis, and a copious precipitate with basic acetate of lead. Perchloride of iron colours a solution of the resin deep blackish brown. ”

“ The resins which are obtained as natural exudation’s are in general mixtures of different, peculiar acids, named the resin acids, which dissolve in alkalis to form resin soaps, from which the resin acids are regenerated by treatment with acids. They are closely related to the terpenes, with which they occur in plants and of which they are oxidation products. Examples of resin acids, are abietic (sylvic) acid, C19H28O2, occurring in colophon, and pimaric acid, C20H30O2, a constituent of gallipot resin. ”

“ The soot of hard woods, which contain little or no resin, has a deep black, though dull hue; it is a gritty powder, and has little value as a pigment. Wood containing much resin, such as the wood of the pine, rosin, fish oil, asphaltum, in short, all bodies which are at the same time easily combustible and rich in carbon, produce on the contrary a handsome, glistening soot, which forms a valuable pigment. ”

“ PLANT LORE, DRUG CHARMS, AND FOLK MEDICINE. A curious survival of the age of superstition and romance attaches to the red resin known as dragon’s blood, and is still largely practised by a certain class of uneducated women in many parts of the country. The resin is the product of the Pterocarpus Indicus growing in the East Indies, and now chiefly used as a colouring agent in varnishes and stains, etc. ”

“ Res′inify, to change into resin; Res′inise, to treat with resin.—adjs. Res′ino-elec′tric, containing negative electricity; Res′inoid; Res′inous, having the qualities of, or resembling, resin.—adv. Res′inously.—n. Res′inousness.—adj. Res′iny, like resin.—Gum resins, the milky juices of certain plants solidified by exposure to air; Hard resins, at ordinary temperatures solid and brittle, easily pulverised, containing little or no essential oil (copal, lac, jalap, &c.) ; Soft resins, mouldable by the hand—some are viscous and semi-fluid balsams (turpentine, storax, Canada balsam, &c.) . ”

“ The resins are widely diffused in the vegetable kingdom, there being scarcely a plant which does not contain resin in one form or another. Some families of plants and organs of plants are, however, distinguished by their special wealth of resins. ”

“ The resin is first melted, the turpentine then stirred in, then the tallow, and finally the spirits.
I have spoken of artificial wood as chiefly made of sawdust combined with a binder such as glue. There are, however, strictly speaking, other kinds. The first of these is made from cellulose, which is disintegrated wood which still retains its fibre. ”

“ It should be emphasized that this battle of materials for markets is a never-ending one. The fact that a specific synthetic resin has achieved a certain position is no guarantee that it may not lose it wholly or in part to some newer resin or other material. ”

“ The resin of the maritime pine furnishes by distillation essence of turpentine, and from the residue are obtained various qualities of resin, which serve to make varnish, tapers, sealing-wax and lubricants. ”

“ It is nothing better than a chip of very hard granite fastened to the end of a piece of wood, which serves as a handle, by means of the resin to which I have referred. I have shown it to several persons. It will rapidly split a wooden plank and one can strike with all one's force, without in the least degree injuring the resin. Though the edge of the stone has several times been chipped, the resin always remained intact. ”