Flange

“ When a flange is formed all round the joint, it is necessary, in order that its thickness may be kept within reasonable limits, to provide bolts at frequent intervals. A gusset piece to stiffen the flange should be formed between each hole and the next, and the bolt holes should be arranged so that when the pipes are laid there will not be a hole at the bottom on the vertical axis of the pipe, as when the pipes are laid in a trench below water level it is not only difficult to insert the bolt, but almost impracticable to tighten up the nut afterwards. ”

“ When the hole through which the bolt passes is considerably larger in diameter than the bolt, the flange nut shown in Fig. 409 is employed, the flange covering the hole. A detached washer may be used for the same purpose, providing that its hole fit the bolt and it be of a sufficient thickness to withstand the pressure and not bend or sink into the hole. ”

“ The diameter of the cylinder across the flanges is 11⁄2 in., and a semicircular rib is shown in the middle. Each cover is held on by six hexagon-headed bolts, placed equidistant round it, tapped into the flange. ”

“ The maximum stress in any vertical is equal to the sum of the amounts of the live and dead loads per bay of the girder. e. The maximum horizontal component of the stresses in any bay of the top flange is the same for each bay, and is equal to the maximum stress in the bottom flange. ”

“ The diaphragm has been assumed to transfer to the outer girders a due proportion of the load. With this explanation it may now be stated that, under engine loads corresponding to those running, the flange stress worked out at 7·4 tons per square inch tension, web included, or 9·7 tons per square inch without considering the web; which stresses, it is more than probable, may have been greater. ”

“ The desired thickness having been obtained, it becomes a question of allowing the paste to descend and at the same time to support the piece by air pressure. The flange spoken of above is quickly cut, and the paste is made to rise again for the last time, in order to form a new flange, but one that this time will be extremely thin; then a perforated disk designed for forming the top joint, and acting as a conduit for the air, is placed upon the mould. This disk is fastened down with a screw press, and when the apparatus is thus arranged the eduction cock is opened, and the air pump maneuvered. ”

“ Replacing wasted flange-plates, or adding new plates to those which exist, is occasionally resorted to in the case of main girders, the flanges of which are sufficiently accessible, but the operation is difficult, takes some little time, and should only be attempted under the constant supervision of a thoroughly capable man. When done, if the girder has not been relieved of load by staging, the stress under full load will be unequally distributed between the old and the new section, the old always taking more by the amount of the dead-load stress previously carried. ”

“ To facilitate the making of ground and scraped joints it is preferable that the surface of the joint, both on the cylinder and the cover, project from the rest of the flange, from the bolt holes to the bore in the one case, and from the bolt holes to the body in the cover in the other, so that the bearing surface of the joint shall extend from the inside edge of the bolt holes to the cylinder bore only. ”

“ By means of the simple attachment here shown, the blind may be securely held in any desired position. Secured to the lower cross bar is a metal plate, bent at right angles to form flanges, the projecting one of which is finely corrugated. The plate is held to the bar by screws passing through the other flange. Across the face of the outer flange is secured a spring retaining strip, which bears against the corrugated face and which carries a set screw. ”

“ Fairbairn's Half-Lap Coupling.—Make the same views as in the last exercise of a half-lap coupling for a 3-inch shaft to the dimensions in the above table. Scale 6 inches to a foot.
Flange Couplings.—The form of coupling used for the shafts of marine engines is shown in fig. 23. The ends of the different lengths of shaft have flanges forged on them, which are turned along with the shaft. These flanges butt against one another, and are connected by bolts. These bolts may be parallel or tapered; generally they are tapered. A parallel bolt must have a head, but a tapered bolt will act without one. ”

“ When setting a cylinder which is to be bored it should, when the design will permit, be set true by the outside of the flange, or what is even better, by the outside of the cylinder itself, rather than by the rough bore, in order that the walls of the finished cylinder will have a uniform thickness. The position of very large cylinders, while they are being bored, is an important consideration. ”

“ Exteriorly this contracted tube is threaded, as shown at C, so as to receive thereon a threaded body D, the lower end of the body having an enlarged disk-head E, integral therewith, and an upwardly-projecting annular flange F is formed around this disk to receive and hold a cylinder G, which constitutes the float and fuel chamber. ”

“ The strength of the work depends upon the thickness of the walls of the constricted portion, which should never be less than that in the main tube, and usually a little greater. This operation is most successful with tubing having a relatively thin wall.
Flanging a Tube.—This operation produces the characteristic flange seen on test-tubes, necks of flasks, etc., the object being twofold: to finish the end neatly and to strengthen it so that a cork may be inserted without breaking it. ”

“ The screw having been prepared in this way, we must next fasten the brass strip to which the flange is soldered upright on the base, so that the platinum point of the screw, when inserted, will just come in contact with the square of foil on the spring. ”

“ A flange, 2 inches broad, is made at the upper part, and 21⁄2 inches at the lower part, except on the front or breast, which is 5 inches thick. In this anterior part, there is hollowed out an opening of an inch and a quarter broad, and 6 inches long, with which the outlet or gateway of the litharge communicates.
The cupel thus prepared is placed in the refining furnace. It rests in an iron ring built into the brickwork. The arched roof of the furnace is 12 inches above the cupel near the fire-bridge, and 9 inches near the flue at the other end. ”

“ Application for reissue received and filed Nov. 29, 1867.
1st, Ihe hollow cylindrical stock of an annular auger in combination with a spiral flange with such a pitch as will remove the cuttings horizontally as made and deliver them from the opening of the annular kerf, substantially as set forth.
2d, The combination of a hollow annular bit having their cutting lips projecting in the direction of the rotation of the bit, a hollow cylindrical stock and a spiral flange substantially as described. ”

“ A hole is swedged through its center; and it is then hammered on the horn or beak of an anvil, thereby expanding its circumference, and forming a grain or fiber in its circumferential direction, and, when intended for tires, the rudiments of a flange are formed or swedged also upon the outer periphery of the circle. ”

“ The machine is also used for turning the edge of [284] the flanges which some makers prefer to have on the end plates of marine boilers. The plates are very readily fixed to the circular table H, and the edge of the flange trued up much quicker than by the ordinary means of chipping. When the machine is used for this purpose, the cross beam P, which is removable, is fastened to the two upright brackets R 1 and R 2. The cross beam is cast with V slides at one side for a little more than half its length from one end, and on the opposite side for the same length, but from the opposite end. ”

“ The heat and flame will be concentrated in returning through the small flues, and the combustion will be so complete that no sparks and but very little smoke will escape from the chimney, and this latter will not even need a bonnet.
'The tube-sheets B B are made with a flange i, which is turned outward, and these flanges are pierced so as to admit screw-bolts or rivets g, as may be preferred. These bolts secure the tube-sheets in their places perfectly steam and water tight. ”

“ The finishing nail is very handy for all kinds of small work.
Fishing.—An operation where two or more pieces are joined together, end to end, by means of strips (known as Fish-plates) nailed or screwed across the joints. It is also known as a Fish-joint, and is a common form of splice. E. G. See Fig. 183.
Flange.—A projecting rim such as the edge of a spool.
Flush.—A surface of a board is said to be flush with the surface of another when those boards are so placed together that the two surfaces are even, or extend along the same line or plane. ”

“ Any attempt, however, to divide them into well-marked classes is soon seen to be futile, as there is found to be a gradual transition from what at first sight appears to be a well-marked form into some other which presents different characteristics. If, for instance, we take the side flanges as a criterion, we find them ranging from a mere thickening on the margins of the flat celts to well-developed flanges, extending along nearly the whole blade ”

“ Upon line 2 of Fig. 178, a distance equal to line a of Fig. 176 is set off. Similarly, line 3 would receive the length of line b from Fig. 176, line 4 would receive c, line 5 would receive d, and line 6 would receive e. These distances may now be transferred to the opposite side of the line of stretchout, since both parts of the opening are exactly equal. A curved line drawn through the points thus located will give the shape of the opening. The apron of the flange may now be drawn around the opening, allowing at least 3 in. on the sides and
Figs. ”

“ In other cases we find that the flanges have some part of their apparent projection due to a diminution in the thickness of the portion of the blade which lies between them. If we take as a criterion the stop-ridge, as it has been termed, a projecting ridge for the purpose of preventing the blade being driven too far into its wooden handle, we find the ridge in a rudimentary form in the blades which taper both ways ”

“ The web uniting the two flanges must be made solid—as any opening, by causing irregularity in cooling, would seriously affect the strength of the beam.
Example.—Required the dimensions of a Hodgkinson girder—for a span of 60 feet—with a load of 10 tons in the centre. ”

“ A main girder consists of an upper and lower flange, boom or chord and a vertical web. The loading forces to be considered are vertical, the horizontal forces due to wind pressure are treated separately and provided for by a horizontal system of bracing. For practical purposes it is accurate enough to consider the booms or chords as carrying exclusively the horizontal tension and compression and the web as resisting the whole of the vertical and, in a plate web, the equal horizontal shearing forces. Let fig. 37 represent a beam with any system of loads W1, W2, . ”

“ In order to increase the radiation from the pipes, the area of the surface exposed to the air is increased by fitting flanges of thin metal in intimate connection with the pipes, or by originally forming the pipes with these flanges in the solid. ”

“ They are designated by the numeral 27 in Plate 54, and are shown in detail in Plate 58 as of a very deep I-beam section, having very narrow flanges top and bottom, the web of the I-beam furnishing the strength in a vertical direction, while sufficient stiffness laterally was obtained from the flanges, assisted by the brace tubes, which acted as struts between the bed plates and the main tubes of the transverse frame. ”

“ The matrix is on a carriage, and is run through holes in the flanges for the casting, and kept in its place by a spring. The metal is {122} injected by the descent of a plunger, which recovers itself by a spring. After the casting the spindle begins to revolve, immediately upon which the matrix is disengaged from the type and withdrawn clear of the flanges. The flanges are then opened, and the cast type pushed from the mould by the action of spring pins. A type is thus cast for each revolution of the spindle. ”

“ There are provided dies for forming flanges 4 ft. 6 in. deep in the widest of plates.
Plate XLIII.
PUNCHING AND SHEARING.
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The modern practice of joggling and of scarfing the laps and edges of plates is applied in many instances, and [99] special hydraulic tools are provided to carry out this work. The firm were also early in adopting the practice of joggling frames, deck beams, etc. The frames and beams are joggled when cold, to suit each alternate inner strake of plating, in a special design of hydraulic press, of which there are several in the works. ”

“ If we wet the surfaces of two pieces of glass, and place them in contact, we shall find that they adhere to each other, and that, independently of the effect of the pressure of the air, they oppose considerable resistance to any attempt to separate them. Again, if we bring any substance, as the blade of a knife, in contact with water, the water adheres to the blade in a thin film, and remains, by what is termed adhesive attraction. This property resides in the surface of bodies, and is in proportion to the extent of its surface. ”

“ I had struck a portion of the pipe that had a thread to it, like that which encircles a bolt of iron and makes a screw of it, and the thought came to me that if I could only succeed in giving a revolving motion to my body, I would with every turn twist myself farther down toward the end of the pipe. ”

“ If we take a tube filled with water and fit a plunger in each end, then, when one plunger is depressed or pushed in, the other will be expressed or pushed out. The pipe may be twisted around in any direction or be tied up in a double bowknot, and yet pressure applied to one cylinder will immediately be felt by the other. ”