Pilot program

“ A Memorandum
Subject: Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration Pilot Program
Memorandum for the Archivist of the United States and Secretary of Transportation
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. Policy.
It shall be the policy of the United States to promote the safe operation of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and enable the development of UAS technologies for use in agriculture, commerce, emergency management, human transportation, and other sectors. ”

“ Although not directly in the employ of the United States Government, my husband was employed by a school which had a contract with the United States, this civilian pilot-training program having been a project sponsored by the Civil Aeronautics Board and the United States Government. My husband had had approximately 12 years of flying experience. We had no children, and flying and teaching others to fly were his life work. He held a commercial pilot certificate with 1 Land, 2 S. Land, and Instructor ratings. ”

“ This process -- this process involves maximum operational limitations for that aircraft, maximum crosswind, maximum tailwind, severe turbulences, wind shear conditions. We give them the opportunity that requires maximum performance on the part of the pilot proficiency and put 'em through that program. After that, simulator training simply.
After they've gone through that then they enter into route training that covers every air field that they will be qualified to fly into from that point. ”

“ To give effect to the scheme outlined in the report of the technical sub-committee would have required much time and experiment and adjustment; in practice the simpler way was chosen, and the business of piloting was reserved, in the main, for commissioned officers. Courage is found everywhere among English-speaking peoples; the real point to secure is that the pilots of one squadron, or the pilot and observer of one machine, should not only meet on duty, but should live together. ”

“ Operators should provide education and training that enhance flight crew decision-making and risk (error) management. Operators should develop SOPs regarding the use of automation in approach and landing operations and train flight crews accordingly. There should be a clear policy in all operators' manuals regarding the role of the pilot-in-command (PIC) in complex and demanding flight situations. Training should address the practice of transferring pilot-flying duties during operationally complex situations. ”

“ The study concluded that a first officer "may be concerned that a challenge to a decision may be perceived as a direct challenge to the captain's authority."
The Safety Board is concerned that the use of the nonflying pilot in a passive role, while the flying pilot is responsible for the approach procedure, programming the autopilot/FD controls, and monitoring the aircraft flightpath, places an inordinately high work load on the flying pilot and undertasks the nonflying pilot. ”

“ Are you qualified to instruct both on the airplane and on the simulator?
THE WITNESS: Let me start. Generally speaking or as a matter of principle, instructor pilot is qualified to teach both simulator and the actualaircraft. However -- however, in the case of Boeing 747 Classic simulation instruction is sourced out to contractors. They -- they are dedicated instructors hired from outside. And in-house instructor pilots handle aircraft instruction. ”

“ THE WITNESS: Most of our simulator instructors are line experienced, retired pilots on a contract basis with Korean Air. As far as line instructors, as in the case of Captain Lee that just testified this morning, that's based on flight experience and overall experience that they would be selected. As far as the exact figure, I don't have that.
MR. FEITH: Is there any special training curriculum for a instructor pilot once he has been selected?
THE WITNESS: Yes, there is. Ground school is 13 hours, eight hours on simulator instruction and on how to -- how to use the simulator equipment. ”

“ THE WITNESS: No. Los Angeles are all -- have all -- have four pilots, and they're all -- that's my authorized strength there.
MR. BERMAN: Okay. Thank you. How does the FAA evaluate the flyability or the difficulty of an instrument approach procedure?
THE WITNESS: Well, that's a little out of my expertise now, but I was at one time a flight inspector, and it was -- we actually flew the procedure, and we evaluated it again for the lowest, in our estimation, quality -- not quality, experienced pilot, could he fly that procedure on the original commissioning flight check. ”

“ There is going to be a strong demand for the best flying instruction that can be given. It should be noted that only the most perfect system of flying instruction should be used, for the best is safest, and the safest, no matter how expensive, is comparatively cheap.
There is no reason why there should be an extended period of ground instruction for the non-military pilot of the future. He should be taught the elementary principles of the theory of flight, should know something about the engine with which he is going to fly, and understand some things about the rigging of his airplane. ”

“ In training pilots, no machine should go out without knowing what it is to do, do that and that alone, then land.
No young pilot should be allowed out in 'bumps' until he has done fifteen hours' piloting.
An aeroplane will live in any wind and a lifeboat in any sea, but they both want good and experienced men at the tiller.
When on the ground every one overrates his capacity for air work.
A squadron commander should want a good squadron, and not to be able to break records.
Waiting about on an aerodrome has spoilt more pilots than everything else put together. ”

“ But all of that is part of this allocation of flight crew duties.
One other factor, a related recommendation, but I've not done it separately, is the use of the autopilot. Even for non-precision approaches, and probably particularly there, we've already discussed that it's a more difficult sort of approach. Why not use the autopilot? Because it reduces the workload. The handling pilot even operating the autopilot has more capacity to monitor what's going on and, I believe, will lead to a safer conclusion of that approach. ”

“ Safety Recommendation A-94-4 asked the FAA to
Require that U.S. air carriers operating under 14 CFR Part 121 structure their initial operating experience programs to include (1) training for check airmen in enhancing the monitoring and challenging functions of captains and first officers; (2) sufficient experience for new first officers in performing the nonflying pilot role to establish a positive attitude toward monitoring and challenging errors made by the flying pilot ”

“ Thus the advantages of early experience under friendly supervision in the locality of the pilot's training, the benefits to morale and esprit de corps which family and neighborly tradition might contribute, the close association in which pilots must work and live in their pilot communities and on the water, and the discipline and regulation which is imposed to assure the State competent pilot service after appointment, might have prompted the legislature to permit Louisiana pilot officers to select those which whom they would serve. ”

“ Nevertheless, the value of this refresher training and readiness of the individual after active duty release are questionable. The quality of basic, specialist, and operational training is average. However, the output is considered adequate for current or projected air force needs, except for the pilot category where a shortage of experienced pilots exists. Three pilot training courses of approximately 75 students each are conducted yearly at Ljungbyhed Airfield. These flight training programs consist of 12 months of instruction in both prop and jet trainers. ”

“ Any vessel getting on shore, or coming from sea in distress, can send intelligence of her situation to town in fifteen minutes, and have a steamer down to aid her in twelve hours.
It would hardly be fair to leave Calcutta without saying a word in praise of the pilot service. The pilots here are paid by Government, and are a highly respectable body of men: they enter the service when very young, as volunteers, and rise by degrees to the rank of masters and branch pilots, the latter being the highest grade. ”

“ This results in uniformity of regulation and increased safety in operation, which are essential to aeronautical development. Over 17,000 young men and women have now applied for Federal air pilot's licenses or permits. More than 80 per cent of them applied during the past year. ”

“ The ATA Charting and Data Display Task Force has been doing a lot of work from a human factors that do flight tests of the actual changes that are recommended, and at the bottom is an important effort that was initiated because of an NTSB recommendation a couple years ago of a new task force called the ATA Charts Database and Avionics Harmonization Task Force, which really looks at the human factors of what all information a pilot has to look at and where they should be the same and where they cannot be, how do you go about training the pilot to understand where those differences are. ”

“ In the inland waters of Virginia, above the points named, compulsory pilotage does not prevail, but pilotage is regulated and rates therefor are provided, the duty being imposed, except where the statutes otherwise provide, of using only a licensed Virginia pilot if the services of a pilot are taken. ”

“ But if A contracts with B, to transport him from one place to another, for a consideration, and B is injured by the poor piloting of A, A would be liable to B for damages which would result. Now in order to safeguard such people as B, curious to the point of recklessness, the law will have to require all airship operators to have a license, and to secure this license airship pilots will have to meet certain requirements. Here again is a question. Who is going to say whether an applicant is competent to pilot a balloon or airship? ”

“ A new Line Check Pilot Manual was being developed to include detailed procedures and requirements so that check pilots could consistently apply and enforce company standards and policies. The new manual was expected to be completed in October 1999. The Flight Operations Department developed a new all-volunteer system, to replace the previous assignment system, for all line check pilots. Candidates who volunteer for these positions are to be selected based on their ability to judge deficiencies in training and impart line flying skills. ”

“ The new measure dispenses with the services of those men who, born and bred on the spot, and having the advantage of generations of traditional knowledge, can alone with safety do pilot service, especially in time of war, when guiding beacons and rock-marking poles and buoys are removed, and there is nothing to guide the navigator except that knowledge which has become second nature to the pilot trained to do service in his own home waters. ”

“ It is also recognized that high performance aircraft operations are becoming increasingly complex especially in the critical flight regimes such as takeoff, approach, and landing. The Board therefore encourages acceleration of the program designed to improve data presentation. ”

“ By the Code of 1887 a board of commissioners is instituted to examine persons applying for branches as pilots; and the commissioners are given 'full authority to make such rules as they may think necessary for the proper government and regulation of pilots licensed by them.' § 1955. There are details as to the qualification and classification of pilots and their duties, including a requirement as to boats, of the pilot 'or the company to which he belongs.' § 1960. Acting as pilot without authority is punished. ”

“ The board of inspectors for each port should be as competent to determine the qualifications of these local pilots as any such examiners appointed by the State. That portion of subsection nine of section 9, which I have quoted in italics, says that they are to license a person 'to be a pilot on any such vessel within the limits prescribed in his certificate.' If, then, the pilot licensed is particularly skilled as a port pilot, and competent for no more, his license will restrict him accordingly. ”

“ We received literally more than 4,000 pilot surveys, had to hire a couple people just to do the analysis of the surveys, but based on the surveys, we released a new format that was in September of last year, and everything that you see here, which is known as a briefing strip, is a result of a very large effort that was mostly human factors driven by actual flight tests of pilots in simulators followed by the pilots in the airplane that did the test, and the responses back that we got were very, very good and caused us to change some things. ”

“ Each first pilot within the 6 months immediately preceding his qualification for the route, shall have made one one-way trip without passengers over the proposed route or a part thereof on which he will pilot aircraft for applicant and shall have landed at least once at each terminal, scheduled intermediate stop, and intermediate field. If landings cannot be effected at each intermediate field, the pilot shall make a ground examination, or where impracticable by reason of field conditions, a visual examination from the air at a safe low altitude, of each such field on which no landing is made. ”