T

“ We are prone to prefer the new words to the old, and many men and women find a pleasure in introducing a word not familiar to the average individual. Such a word is ‘thon,’ a contraction of ‘that one,’ proposed in 1858 by Charles Crozat Converse, of Erie, Pennsylvania, as a substitute for the clumsy combinations ‘he86 or she,’ ‘him or her,’ etc., as in the sentence, ‘The child must be taught to study thon’s lesson.’ The word is so convenient that it is a wonder that it remains new to most people. ”

“ The three great distinctions of time are present, past, and future. All tenses referring to present or future time are called primary tenses, and those referring to past time are called secondary tenses. Now it is a very common law of language that in a complex sentence the tense in the dependent clause should be of the same kind as the tense in the principal clause. In the sentence He says that he is coming, the principal verb, says, is present, that is, is in a primary tense; and is coming, in the dependent clause, is naturally also primary. ”

“ For of everything which has being, from whatever source it has it, whether it has it by a beginning or without a beginning, the word “was” will be predicated from the very fact that it exists. To whatever thing the first tense [3] of the verb is applicable for definition, to the same will be suitable the later form [4] of the verb, when it has to descend to relation. ”

“ You may say a cat uses good grammar. Well, a cat does—but you let a cat get excited once; you let a cat get to pulling fur with another cat on a shed, nights, and you’ll hear grammar that will give you the lockjaw. Ignorant people think it’s the noise which fighting cats make that is so aggravating, but it ain’t so; it’s the sickening grammar they use. ”

“ I had noticed that this family-mark is not usually the nose or the hair, so to speak, but the tail--the Termination--and that these tails are quite definitely differentiated; insomuch that an expert can tell a Pluperfect from a Subjunctive by its tail as easily and as certainly as a cowboy can tell a cow from a horse by the like process, the result of observation and culture. I should explain that I am speaking of legitimate verbs, those verbs which in the slang of the grammar are called Regular. ”

“ The construction of verbs is very similar to that of nouns. When the subject precedes, it is connected with its verb by the particle ay, ‘to be.’ The direct object of the active and the agent of the passive stand in the genitive, other nominal adjuncts in the oblique case. Any verbal form may take the article ang. The character of the subject determines the verbal form to be used in a sentence. In general, if the subject is the agent of an action, the verb stands in the active, otherwise in the passive. ”

“ A verb that forms its past tense by changing the vowel of the present, and its perfect participle by adding n or en to the present, is a verb of the strong or old conjugation; as, fall, fell, fallen.
Note.—Verbs of the old conjugation are called strong because they form their past tense within themselves. Verbs of the new conjugation are called weak because they form their past tense by the aid of an additional syllable. ”

“ The letters d and b put together, thus, db, as compounds of i and o, or length and breadth, are expressive of man and woman’s body part, from the thigh to the part of the body which the elbow reaches, and all other living beings so extended, as τ does the extension of matter, but being again divided into d and b, they express living things, or the qualities of parts and diminutives of bodies, and emblematically spirits and privatives, as p does parts of matter, as divisor of τ. ”

“ CHAPTER VI VERBS § 72. The MHG. verb has the following independent forms:—one voice (active) , two numbers, three persons, two tenses (present and preterite) , two complete moods (indicative and subjunctive, the latter originally the optative) , besides an imperative which is only used in the present tense; two verbal nouns (the present infinitive, and the gerund, generally called the inflected infinitive) , a present participle with active meaning, and one verbal adjective (the past participle) . ”

“ Declension of Nouns. We learned above (§§ 19, 20) the difference between the subject and object, and that in English they may be distinguished by the order of the words. Sometimes, however, the order is such that we are left in doubt. For example, the sentence The lady her daughter loves might mean either that the lady loves her daughter, or that the daughter loves the lady.
1. If the sentence were in Latin, no doubt could arise, because the subject and the object are distinguished, not by the order of the words, but by the endings of the words themselves. ”

“ To speak in a metaphor, words like sang and fell are comparatively independent. Be this as it may, the German grammarians call the tenses formed by a change of vowel the strong tenses, the strong verbs, the strong conjugation, or the strong order; and those formed by the addition of d or t, the weak tenses, the weak verbs, the weak conjugation, or the weak order. Bound, spoke, gave, lay, &c., are strong; moved, favoured, instructed, &c., are weak. For the proof that the division of verbs into weak and strong is a natural division, see the Chapter on Conjugation. ”

“ To verbs belong Number, Person, Mood, and Tense. These may be called the properties of a verb; and like those of opium, they are soporiferous properties. There are two very important objects which the writer of every book has, or ought to have in view, to get a reader who is wide awake, and to keep him so:—the latter of which, when Number, Person, Mood, and Tense are to be treated of, is no such easy matter ”

“ T is the twentieth symbol in our alphabet. It has varied but little in form since the earliest days when it appeared in Greece and Italy, though some of the Italic alphabets exhibit variants: e.g. in Umbrian and Etruscan inscriptions we find the horizontal stroke sometimes on one side only, and slanting; sometimes the form is nearly that of our ordinary small t without the ornamental turn at the bottom. ”

“ The third of all vowels, the ninth of all letters,
Take their place in the rest of the train:
My WHOLE is a thing you never should do,—
At least, you don’t like it, if tried upon you! Answer
293.
A word which always speaks of shame
I pray you, reader, now to name:
Eleven parts my whole contains,
To guess them you must take some pains.
Three groups there be which stand related;
The first with many a word is mated:
The second speaks of favor rare ”

“ By finding a series of words like only, smoke, another, pretty, answer, tailor, circus, telephone, saucy, and beginning, which are spelled correctly by known and decreasing percentages of children of the same age, or of the same school grade, we know better what we mean by 'spelling-difficulty.' Indeed, until we can measure the efficiency and improvement of a function, we are likely to be vague and loose in our ideas of what the function is. ”

“ T′-cloth, a plain cotton made for the India and China market—stamped with a T; T′-cross, a tau-cross; T′-plate, a T-shaped plate, as for strengthening a joint in a wooden framework; T′-rail, a rail, as for a railway, having a T-like cross section; T′-square, a ruler shaped like the letter T, used in mechanical and architectural drawing.—To a T, with perfect exactness; Be marked with a T, to be branded as a thief.
Tab, tab, n. a small tag, flap, or strap, forming an appendage of something: reckoning, tally, check.
Tabanus, ta-bā′nus, n. a genus of flies, including the horse-flies. ”

“ Require the class to memorize this article and the examples in § 351.
§ 352. Dwell on the point that Latin prose does not use the infinitive to express purpose.
§ 353. Prepare additional simple sentences containing purpose clauses, which the class can translate orally or at the board from dictation.
LESSON LXIII
§ 354. Pronounce and have the class repeat these paradigms.
§ 356. The law of tense sequence is of great importance. Write the table in § 357 on the board, and keep it there until every pupil has mastered its theory and its practice. ”

“ We have the two parallel series of words in English:
transfer, refer, confer, differ, etc.
translate, relate, collate, dilate, etc.
puzzled. This is one of the few words in the English language whose origin is doubtful. It probably comes from the word to “ pose ” (which itself is a shortened form of “oppose”) meaning to set forward a difficult problem.
losels. An uncommon English word meaning a person who is good for nothing. The word is derived from the verb to “ lose.” ”

“ The Germans have another kind of parenthesis, which they make by splitting a verb in two and putting half of it at the beginning of an exciting chapter and the other half at the end of it. Can any one conceive of anything more confusing than that? These things are called “separable verbs.” The German grammar is blistered all over with separable verbs; and the wider the two portions of one of them are spread apart, the better the author of the crime is pleased with his performance. ”

“ After noticing with thankfulness his recovery from an ague which had hung long upon him, he mentions his first application to learning. It will be pleasing to the reader to see his own words.
"After this sickness, in the year 1669, I had health, and began to learn my grammar. Blessed be God that gave me an understanding! Mr. Turner entered me a little into the principles of grammar, and my father has carried me on in it; the Lord grant that he may live to perfect it!" ”

“ V. All derived words are inflected weak. The intransitive forms drink and lie, are strong; the transitive forms drench and lay, are weak.
The fourth statement will again be recurred to. The present object is to show that the division into strong and weak is natural.
§ 387. Obsolete forms.—Instead of lept, slept, mowed, snowed, &c., we find, in the provincial dialects and in the older writers, the strong forms lep, step, mew, snew, &c. This is no more than what we expect. Here there are two forms, and each form is of a different conjugation. ”

“ If φημί, the main verb of the quotation will be changed to the infinitive mode of the same tense and voice. E. g.,
(2) If λέγω with ὅτι or ὡς, no change will occur when dependent on a primary tense. When dependent on a secondary tense, indicatives and subjunctives may (not must) be changed to corresponding tenses (and voice) of the optative; optatives will remain unchanged. E. g.:
(1) Note the change in person to indicate the change of speaker.
(2) εἶπον as a verb of saying requires, and λέγω in the active voice prefers the ὅτι (ὡς) construction. ”

“ That when it is the first word of the proposition it determines the concord of the verb, unless its character of a noun of the singular number and third person be disguised by the prominence of some plural form, or some pronoun of the first or second person in the latter part of the term.
5. That in a simple disjunctive proposition (i.e., one where either does not occur) all nouns are subordinate to the first. ”

“ The Positive lays down the Natural Signification simply and without excess or Diminution; as long, short, often.
The Comparative raises or lowers the Positive in Signification, and is formed of the Positive by adding the Syllable er; as long longer, short shorter, often oftener.
The Superlative raises or lowers the Signification as much as possible, and if formed of the Positive by adding the Syllable [9] est; as long longest, short shortest, often oftenest. ”

“ Can a future be used for a present? No.
The present tense can be used instead of the aorist; and that on the principle of representation. Can a past tense, or combination, be used for a present?
In respect to the perfect tense there is no doubt. The answer is in the affirmative. For all purposes of syntax a perfect tense, or a combination equivalent to one, is a present tense. Contrast the expression, I come that I may see; with the expression, I came that I might see; i.e., the present construction with the aorist. Then, bring in the perfect construction, I have come. ”

“ The Simple Tenses of rach, combined with the Infinitive of a transitive verb, correspond to the Passive Voice of the verb; as, chaidh mo bhualadh my striking went, i.e., came to pass, or happened, equivalent to I was struck; rachadh do mharbhadh your killing would happen, i.e., you would be killed.
In phrases where either of the auxiliaries dean or rach is combined with a transitive verb, as above, the possessive pronoun may be exchanged for the corresponding personal pronoun in the emphatic form, followed by the preposition do before the Infinitive. ”

“ The Conjugation of a verb is the [Pg 92] combination and arrangement of its numbers, persons, moods, and tenses.
The Comicalities of verbs consist in certain liberties taken with their numbers, persons, moods, and tenses.
The Conjugation of an active verb is called the Active Voice, and that of a passive Verb the Passive Voice.
If verbs have voices, it is but reasonable that walls should have ears.
The auxiliary and active verb To Have is thus peculiarly conjugated by some people in some of its moods and tenses. ”

“ A verb transitive in one sentence; as, He writes good English, may be intransitive in another; as, He writes well—meaning simply He is a good writer. A verb is transitive only when an object is expressed or obviously understood.
Washington captured Cornwallis. Here captured represents the act as having taken place in past time. Tense means time, and hence this verb is in the past tense. Cornwallis captured, the war speedily closed. Here captured is, as you have learned, a participle; and, representing the act as past at the time indicated by closed, it is a past participle. ”