Chevron

“ In the red glare of torches held from windows and from roof he saw the rush and swirl of men below, the ruddy light shining back from glowing brass and gleaming steel. As a wild vision it came to him afterward, the beauty and the splendor, the flying lambrequins, the jeweled crests, the blazonry and richness of surcoat and of shield, where sable and gules, argent and vair, in every pattern of saltire, bend or chevron, glowed beneath him like a drift of many-colored blossoms, tossing, sinking, stooping into shadow, springing into light. ”

“ Wound Chevrons.—A gold chevron, each arm one-half inch wide and two inches long, worn on the right sleeve below the elbow, is given to each officer and enlisted man who is wounded in action or disabled by gas. ”

“ The space on each side of the central rib appears to be decorated by small circular indentations.
One from another barrow in Dorsetshire [879] has a treble chevron on the blade and a straight transverse groove between two ridges just above the hilt.
A small blade found in an urn at Wilmslow, [880] Cheshire, seems to have a single chevron upon it.
A dagger from a tumulus at Hewelinghen (Pas de Calais) , and now in the museum at Boulogne, is of this character. It has double lines to the chevron and four rivet-holes. ”

“ The markings of the body consist of alternating areas of scales and chevrons or of chevrons alone. These figures are interrupted in the upper part of the coil by a number of lines which cross the body at right angles. The body is in many cases nearly severed from the rim of the disk by four oblong perforations, which follow the border line of the design. In most cases three other perforations occur about the head; one represents the mouth, one defines the forehead and upper jaw, and the third is placed against the throat. ”

“ Fig. 105 gives some simple examples of the work—The first is a chevron pattern, formed by picking up one thread and leaving about five each [Pg 199] [Pg 198] time; each succeeding row moves a step forward or backward as required to carry out the pattern. In the second example the darning is taken two ways of the material; in the centre, where it meets and crosses, it entirely covers the ground. A different colour might be used for each direction, which would look very well at the crossing in the centre. ”

“ GAUGE: Each chevron measures 11⁄2 inches across; 3 sc-rows make 1 inch.
STRIP ... Starting at lower edge with Wood Brown, ch 60. 1st row: Sc in 2nd ch from hook and in next 3 ch, * 3 sc in next ch, sc in next 3 ch, (insert hook in next ch, draw loop through) 3 times; thread over and draw through all loops on hook (2 sc decreased) , sc in next 3 ch. Repeat from * across, ending with sc in last 4 ch. Ch 1, turn. Hereafter pick up back loop of each sc. 2nd row: Dec 1 sc—to dec 1 sc, work off 2 sc as 1 sc—* sc in next 3 sc, 3 sc in next sc, sc in next 3 sc, dec 2 sc. ”

“ The under surface is somewhat flattened, and, as in the preceding vertebrae, is gently concave antero-posteriorly. The transverse processes are elongate, stout towards the base, apparently all of nearly equal length, and directed gently backwards and downwards. In the anterior vertebrae the processes spring from near the front part: as the centra become shorter they arise from near the middle. In the last one of the series there are minute indications of chevrons.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE PYGIAL CAUDAL VERTEBRAE.
The centra of those caudal vertebrae which have chevrons do not differ much in shape. ”

“ The tube is U-shaped, the bend and part of each limb filled with mercury, the rest of the tube, the bulb, and part of the expansion on the other side with alcohol. A steel index, held in its place by the pressure of a hair, is immersed in the spirit in each limb above the mercury, which pushes one or other before it as the temperature is rising or falling, and leaves them at points denoting the highest and lowest temperatures passed through. ”

“ You are going up a spiral chimney, with a sufficient ventilation at the top. The clamour of your rising emerges there with the smoke and steam, and, like a piston rod, you expel them before you as you advance. ”

“ When dealing with such materials as malt and grain, it is an advantage to be able to inspect the material entering the receiver, and at least one maker secures this advantage by constructing the chamber of a glass cylinder to which are bolted cast iron top and bottom pieces carrying the necessary pipe connections and discharge valves. ”

“ To insure a perfect combustion of the mixture of gas and air, I find that the sheet iron cylinder should be about ten inches high and two inches diameter. Over such a cylinder, with the upper end covered with wire gauze, it is an easy matter to fuse carbonate of soda, or other substance requiring a bright red heat. When the combustion is perfect with the above cylinder, the flame is of a pale blueish white color, like that of a solid flame from alcohol but much hotter. ”

“ When it has worked its will the drawing-press disgorges the cylinder, cooled now to a deeper hot rose-red, tumbles it out on the floor, and waits ready for its next mouthful, while men trundle and roll the hot cylinder across the floor to rest and cool beside the long row that lies fading off from rose to blood-red, to darker and duller crimson, and through deeper and darker shades to cold grey and black. ”

“ To each cylinder a pair of similar nickel bands are led downwards from the top of a casting which is bolted to the frame. The lower ends of these bands pass round the under side of the end portions of the cylinders, wrapping close round them, and are firmly attached to them. To the bottom of each cylinder is rigidly attached a heavy solid cylinder of lead, and these are the regulators of the position of equilibrium of the cylinders when they rotate under the action of the load. ”

“ If we place some substance that will inflame at a low temperature in the bottom of what is called a fire syringe (which is nothing but a cylinder bored out smoothly, with a piston head nicely fitted to it, so that it will be air-tight) and then suddenly condense the air in the syringe by shoving the plunger to the bottom, we can inflame the substance which has been placed in the bottom of the cylinder. In this operation the heat that was distributed [Pg 54] through the whole body of air, that was contained in the cylinder before it was compressed, is now condensed into a small space. ”

“ The cold did not impede the play of the machine, and the lubricating oil was not gummed: I had refined it myself by a new process founded on the then recent discoveries of the French savant M. Chevreul.
Having extended the body on the platform of the air-pump, lowered the receiver and luted the rim, I undertook to submit it gradually to the influence of a dry vacuum and cold. Capsules filled with chloride of calcium were placed around the Colonel to absorb the water which should evaporate from the body, and to promote the desiccation. ”

“ The Refracting Substance.—For substances which can be cast, the molten mass is poured into a cylindrical mould with a thin partition in the middle. In this way two equal semi-cylinders are obtained at each casting. Substances like wood or stone are turned, and the cylinder sawn into two equal halves. In my experiments different sized cylinders were used. I have successfully used small ones with a radius of 8 cm. only. But when the cost of the material is not prohibitive, it is advisable to use fairly large cylinders. The cylinders used in the following experiments were 27·4 cm. ”

“ When the air in the chimney is rarefied by the heat of the flame, the surrounding heavier air, entering the lower part of the chimney, passes upward with a rapid current, to restore the equilibrium. RG is the cylindrical glass chimney with a shoulder or constriction at R, G. The oil flows from a side reservoir, and occupies the cavity between the tubes g and d. The part ki is a short tube, which receives the circular wick, and slides spirally on the tube g, by means of a pin working in the hollow spiral groove on the exterior surface of g. ”

“ Steaming and the occasional discharge of melted fat are continued until on testing a sample of the liquor running off, it is noticed to be free from fat. The liquor in the cylinder is then expelled by the pressure of steam, the steam-cock D closed, the manhole A opened, and steam again admitted through D. By the steam-pressure the greater portion of the bones in the cylinder is expelled through the manhole A. The bones coming from the cylinder are pliable and soft, and, after drying, are readily converted by grinding into bone-meal. ”

“ The thread is formed out of the fluid secretion of a gland, and issues from the body as a semi-fluid cylinder, that is to say in the form of a surface of equi­lib­rium, the force of expulsion giving it its elongation and that of surface tension giving it its circular section. It is prevented, by almost immediate solidification on exposure to the air, from breaking up into separate drops or spherules, as it would otherwise tend to do as soon as the length of the cylinder had passed its limit of stability. ”

“ Having at first well mixt the Oil with the Litharge in a large Copper-Vessel or Pan, Tinn'd on the inside, being wide at the top, and tapering like a Cone toward the bottom, as also having afterward added and well incorporated the Mucilages, a moderate Charcoal Fire is to be kindl'd in a Furnace, upon which the Vessel is to be set, and the whole Mass is to be stirr'd about incessantly with a Wooden Spatula; and as fast as is possible. A gentle Fire is to be maintain'd, and the Boiling and Agitation to be continu'd, till it be perceiv'd that the Plaister begins to sink in the Pan ”

“ Another Method.—The best and simplest mode with which we are acquainted is to divide an earthenware vessel with a diaphragm: one side should be filled with a very dilute solution of sulphuric acid, and the other with either a solution of ferroprussiate of potash, or muriate of soda, saturated with chloride of silver. The copper plate, varnished on one side, is united, by means of a copper wire, with a plate of zinc. ”

“ An engine cylinder may be imagined to possess a semi-permeable bottom and to work without friction. If it be filled with a solution and the bottom immersed in the pure solvent, pressure equal to the osmotic pressure must be exerted on the piston to maintain equilibrium. ”

“ FIG. 6.
The cylinder is submitted to a water test, the liquid being forced in until the gauge shows a pressure of two tons to the square inch. Cylinders have been known to give way under this ordeal, but without any dangerous consequences. The metal simply rips up, making a report at the moment of fracture as loud as a gun. The wonderful strength of the metal employed may be gauged by the circumstance that the walls of the cylinder designed to hold 100 feet of gas are only five-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. ”

“ But you must be careful not to unsolder the cylinder from its standard or the parts of the gland. Blacken the piston rod in a candle flame to prevent solder adhering.
Steam Chest.—The walls of the steam chest are best made in one piece out of 1/2-inch brass by cutting out to the dimension given in Fig. 58. A sharp fret saw will remove the inside rectangle. Get both inside and outside surfaces as square as possible in all directions, and rub down the two contact faces on emery cloth supported by an old looking-glass. ”

“ The smoke of the fuel is conveyed into the closet by a hole in the chimney, near the floor, and a place is made for an iron stopper to be thrust into the funnel of the chimney, to force the smoke through the hole into the closet. ”

“ The more unwieldy portions of an engine may be case hardened by prussiate of potash--a salt made from animal substances, composed of two atoms of carbon and one of nitrogen, and which operates on the same principle as the charcoal. The iron is heated in the fire to a dull red heat, and the salt is either sprinkled upon it or rubbed on in a lump, or the iron is rubbed in the salt in powder. ”

“ If the quantity of oil be insufficient to produce the maximum length of cylinder, more may be added by a pipette. In making this experiment it will be noticed that, when the proper length is exceeded, the nipped portion of the cylinder elongates, and exists for a moment as a very thin liquid cylinder uniting the two incipient spheres; and that, when rupture occurs, the thin cylinder, which has also exceeded its proper length, breaks so as to form a small spherule between the two larger ones. ”

“ The original form was a cylinder, which was changed to an ellipse, with the long axis in a horizontal direction, then into the shape of the letter D with the straight line undermost, and lastly into a semi-cylinder, with its horizontal diameter 22 inches, and its vertical varying from 9 to 12. The kidney form was at one time preferred, but it has been little used of late.
The form of retort represented in fig. 483. has been found to yield the largest quantity of good gas in the shortest time, and with the least quantity of firing. ”

“ Insert into the cavity formed by the imposition of the ligneous fibre upon the inferior transverse ferruginous bar, a sheet of laminated lignin, or paper, compressed by the action of the digits into an irregular spheroid.
These preliminary operations having been skilfully performed, the process of combustion may be commenced. ”