Foresail

“ All other parts of the efferent apparatus (uterus, vagina, receptaculum seminis, ductus ejaculatorius, penis, and appended glands) develop from the hypodermis.
3. The connective tissue and the musculature of the efferent apparatus are derived from mesoblast cells present in the body-cavity.
4. The efferent ducts originate as paired rudiments. All unpaired (azygos) parts (uterus, penis, receptaculum seminis, unpaired glands, etc.) are at first paired. The unpaired efferent apparatus of insects must therefore be regarded as morphologically a secondary and more complicated form. ”

“ The male organs of reproduction Bearing in mind that the testes with their efferent ducts are, like the ovaries and egg-tubes, primitive structures, there are various secondary or adaptive structures which are either due (1) to modifications of the male efferent ducts, or of the ovarian tubes, or (2) to various accessory organs, mostly glandular, resulting from the invagination of the ectoderm.
Fig. 465.—A, diagram of male sexual organs of Carabus. B, of Blaps. C, of Hydrophilus. The heavy black lines represent the ectodermal organs; t, testis; a. g., accessory glands.—After Escherich. ”

“ Every tegument is periphery, just as there is nowhere a surface in the universe, which could have been produced according to the level or plane.
1864. All terrestrial processes, as digestion, respiration, and nutrition, are consequently tegumentary processes. All these organs must be tegumentary organs. Intestine, vessel, lung, in a word all viscera are naught but tegument.
1865. The vegetable tissue becomes in the animal, tegumentary tissue. The tegumentary formation is the vegetable in an animal—the parenchyma, the Visceral. ”

“ Every part of a living plant is covered with a skin or membrane called the cuticle, which same denomination has been given by anatomists to the scarf skin that covers the animal body, protecting it from the injuries of the air, and allowing of due absorption and perspiration through its pores. ”

“ The body-ring to which is attached the first pair of legs, bears a tubercle carrying four eye-spots; and below, it carries, in the male sex, a pair of small limbs, whose function is to grasp and hold the eggs, of which the male animal assumes the burden, carrying them beneath his body in a flattened coherent mass. In either sex a pair of sexual apertures open on the second joints of the last pair of legs. ”

“ The bony palate of all mammals is covered with a closely-adhering layer of fibro-vascular tissue, the surface of which is protected by a coating of non-vascular epithelium, the former exactly corresponding to the derm or true skin, and the latter to the epiderm of the external surface of the body. ”

“ Very nearly resembling the bones to the touch are such parts as nails, hoofs, whether solid or cloven, horns, and the beaks of birds, all of which are intended to serve as means of defence. For the organs which are made out of these substances, and which are called by the same names as the substances themselves, the organ hoof, for instance, and the organ horn, are contrivances to ensure the preservation of the animals to which they severally belong. ”

“ If we open up one of these little warts, very carefully with our mounted needles, we shall find that each little pore opens into a cavity, within which we can find two kinds of structures, hidden amongst a number of hair like growths. We shall see a number of dark, oval bodies, at the base of the hairs, these are the egg cells; more careful search will show us a number of much branched structures also partly concealed by the hairs, these are the male organs of the plants. ”

“ Folioles: leaf-like processes from a margin or protuberance.
Follicle: = cocoon, q.v.: a cellular sac or tube, as of a gland or ovary.
Folliculate: enclosed in a case, cocoon or follicle.
Food reservoir: Lepidoptera, a blind sac or diverticulum from the bind part of oesophagus lying in abdomen dorsal to the stomach.
Foot: the tarsus, q.v.; improperly used to = leg; but in the plural form refers to legs rather than tarsi: see feet.
Foot-shield: in caterpillars, the chitinous plate on outer side of abdominal feet.
Foot-stalk: of the maxilla, is the stipes. ”

“ In the first place, this feather, as an anatomist would tell us, is "a dermal modification"—in other words, an altered bit of the skin. Every part of a plant or animal undergoes changes, our modern teachers say, just in accordance with the external influences which affect it. But the skin of an animal is naturally exposed to many more such surrounding agencies than its internal organs. ”

“ On this analogy, many have suggested that every organ in the body—we must go further, and say that every marked feature in every organ in the body—is represented in the germ by a seed which can grow, under favourable circumstances, into just such another organ or feature of an organ. ”

“ We have here a thick and solid shell, perfectly round, closely embracing in every part the lanuginous surface of the Ovum; whereas the cavity of the womb is never otherwise than triangular in its shape, or like unto a congeries of triangular vertical planes, however much the organ itself may be developed. ”

“ The male next casts his cuticle, and by means of his spine bores through the tissues of the root and escapes into the earth. Here he seeks a female, pairs, and soon afterwards dies. The eggs of the female give rise to embryos within the body of the mother; her other organs undergo a retrogressive change and serve as food for the young, until the body-wall only of the mother remains as a brown capsule. ”

“ Skin of dorsal surfaces generally smooth (under magnification surface minutely corrugated and wrinkled) ; ventral surface of abdomen, the thighs, and lower part of lateral surface of body strongly granulate, the granules unequal in size and elevation; breast, chin, and under side of arm with sparse granules or tubercles.
Anal opening ventral, covered by a small, free, triangular flap; a small thickened fold, slightly free, on each side of anus partly covered by triangular flap. ”

“ The outer or animal layer, or ectoderm, always forms the chief organs of animal life—the skin, nervous system, sense-organs, etc.; the inner or vegetal layer, or entoderm, gives rise to the chief organs of vegetative life—the organs of nourishment, digestion, blood-formation, etc. ”

“ This direction of development in the fœtus, the truth of which is most clearly established by many physiological as well as pathological observations, is also indicated by the position of the entire fœtus, in which we find the head usually turned downwards, but the lower extremity turned toward the insertion of the umbilical cord; in the same manner as the flower of the plant, and the head of the more perfect animal, rise upwards from the ground. ”

“ The flank being opened, the right hand is introduced into the abdomen, and directed along the right side of the cavity of the pelvis, behind the paunch, and underneath the rectum, to the matrix; after the position of these viscera is ascertained, the organs of reproduction, or ovaries, are searched for, which are at the extremity of the matrix ”

“ You know that in the most highly evolved mammals, the male seminal glands, which originally are located in the far depths of the abdominal cavity, begin to wander during a certain period of intra-uterine life until they reach a position almost immediately under the skin of the pelvic extremity. ”

“ The seer and the seen must be pronounced to be coextensive with one another. No judgment to a contrary effect—no judgment that the organ is infinitely disproportioned to its objects, is as yet possible. Well, we shall suppose that these objects keep shifting up and down within the sphere of the organ, growing larger and smaller, fainter and brighter in colour, and so forth. ”

“ Of the Composition of the Tissues and of the Secretions in Health and Disease.—Having described thus individually the constituents of the tissues, we shall now present such results as have been hitherto obtained as to the quantitative composition of the organized tissues formed by their reunion, their secretory products and morbid alterations.
The skin of animals is a congeries of finely constructed organs, sensitive and secretory, imbedded in a peculiar tissue, which is one of those most yielding gelatine, whence the process of tanning skins. ”

“ The hair grows from the bottom of the follicle by a multiplication of the cells covering the papilla upon which its root is moulded. When a hair is cast off a new one is produced from the cells covering the papilla, or, in case of the death or degeneration of the original papilla, the new hair is produced from a second papilla formed in place of the first at the bottom of the follicle. ”

“ Reproduction in Vertebrates.—We should never finish if we were to describe even the chief varieties of sexual union among the vertebrates. As a rule, the male possesses a copulating organ which projects externally, while the female presents an invaginated cavity, more or less cylindrical, into which the male organ can penetrate. ”

“ When the dark cuticle of this last minute creature is removed, 40 its organs may be seen to be reversely disposed to those of the larger species, the heart being placed to the right, before the apex of the shell, and the rectum also on the same side. ”

“ The first tree of the system of red blood, the trunk of the second and the heart that serves to unite them, are found then concentrated in the cavity of the thorax, whilst the branches of the second trunk are distributed among all the organs of the economy, and even to all its extremities. ”

“ These narrow veins cannot be seen on account of their fineness; but in every stem and in every root things may be discerned which like nerves in animals can be split longitudinally and are called the nerves of the plant, or also certain thicker things, such as those which branch in most leaves and are there called veins. ”

“ The fur is the peripheric combination of the Vegetable and Animal. The hairs are the highest Vegetable, as being the vascular system grown out of or above the animal, and constituting the fundamental or basi-system of the whole body. The tegumental muscles are the lowest Animal. In the fur consequently the whole animal has been represented, but as a limit set between animal and world. ”

“ In the male, on the upper surface of the first ring of the abdomen, on either side, may be seen a crescent-shaped opening, and on examining this opening with a magnifying-glass it will be seen to lead into a shallow cavity, closed in by a horny membrane. ”

“ By the growth of a preoral lobe provided with a ring of cilia, and by the formation of a mouth and an anus, the trochosphere stage is reached. A pair of thin shells then appear on the sides of the larva, connected by a hinge on the dorsal median line, and the foot grows out between mouth and anus. ”

“ The hind body is elongate, and shows distinctly eight dorsal segments, behind which are the pieces forming—in the female, the fossorial organs which replace an ovipositor—in the male, the modified parts connected with the terminal segment. ”

“ Style: in Aphids, the slender tubular process at the end of the abdomen: in Coccids, a long spine-like appendage at the end of the abdomen of the male; = genital spike: in Diptera, the ovipositor (Loew) ; the single immovable organ immediately below the forceps in male Tipulidae (O-S.) a thickened jointed arista at or near the tip of the third antennal joint in the plural form applied to small, usually pointed, exarticulate appendages, most frequently found on the terminal segments of abdomen. ”

“ On this epidermal bag, this sort of transparent leather bottle, formed by the larva's skin detached all of a piece, without a slit of any kind, we can distinguish the several well-preserved external organs: the head, with its antennæ, mandibles, paws and palpi; the thoracic segments, with their vestiges of legs; the abdomen, with its chain of breathing-holes still connected one to another by tracheal threads. ”

“ He next showed that in all vertebrates the primary stage of cleavage of the fertilized egg is followed by modification into leaf-like germ layers—skin, muscular, vascular and mucous—whence arise the several organs of the body by differentiation. ”

“ We know not in the least whether additional ribs, or the changed outline of the occipital foramen, or the changed form of the scapula, or of the extremity of the furculum, are in any way correlated with other structures, or have arisen from the changed conditions and habits of life to which our fowls have been subjected ”

“ Such animals, however, have broad, massive sensations of touch, enabling them to appreciate the firmness of the soil on which they tread, and under the hoof we find highly vascular and sensitive lamellle or papillte, contributing no doubt, not only to the growth of the hoof, but also to its sensitiveness. ”

“ A SHEEP or an ox, a fowl or a rabbit, is made up, like ourselves, of organic structures and blood, the organs continually wasting as they work, and being renewed by the blood; or, otherwise described, the component molecules of these organs are continually dying of old age as their work is done, and replaced by new-born successors generated by the blood. ”

“ Considerable flesh is still preserved on the hands and arms, but none on the shoulders and elbows. On the back, under the belt, and for two inches above and below, the skin and flesh are in good preservation, and have the appearance of being tanned. ”

“ The leg or thigh may be held straight, with the broken ends neatly in position, and a rag, or even paper wet in white of egg, carefully wrapped around it several times. The white of egg hardens as it dries, and furnishes a sufficient protection until the callus is formed. ”

“ In systematic work, as in pharmacognosy, we must work with dried material, and it is only those hairs which retain their form under such conditions which are of classification value.
Hairs are the most common outgrowths of the epidermal cells. They are classified as glandular or non-glandular, according to their structure and function. The glandular hairs will be considered under synthetic tissue. ”