Hand pump

“ It is worked by a long winch-handle, at which several men may be employed at once; and it thus discharges more water in a given time than the common pump, and with less labour.—Main pumps. The largest pumps in a ship, close to the main-mast, in contradistinction to bilge pumps, which are smaller, and intended to raise the water from the bilges when a ship is laying over so that it cannot run to the main pump-well. Hand-pump, is the distinctive appellation of the common small pump. ”

“ The modern high buildings make such apparatus useless at the present time.
The numerous hand pumps would not receive notice here, were it not for the fact that one of them has been incorporated into a regular fire department. The Johnson pump, made by the National Manufacturing Company of Boston, is composed of a vertical cylinder and piston, provided with an air chamber. A short piece of hose that can be held in the hand is attached near the top. The pump is placed in a pail of water, and an adjustable clamp enables the operator to steady both pail and pump. ”

“ Pitcher Pump. A hand pump which takes its name from the shape of its discharge.
Plug-valve. This is a tapering plug which turns in a shell, example, the plug of a faucet. See Cock. A fire-plug is a street hydrant to which a hose may be attached.
Plumb-bob. This is a device for testing whether anything stands exactly vertical; a plumb-rule contains a plumb-bob.
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Pressure-reducing Valve. A valve for reducing high boiler pressure to low pressure, for steam heating, etc.
Priming. To fill a pump with water when it refuses to lift of its own action, is called “priming the pump.” ”

“ The three types of power available are traction, compressed air, and gasoline, the last being the most used. Steam power is practically obsolete.
The knapsack is the simplest type of hand pump, but it is of no practical use in the mature apple orchard. For small orchards and small trees several types of hand pumps are quite effective. The lever type of pump, where the handle is pushed from and pulled toward the operator, probably gives the most power with the least tiring effect, because it enables one to use the weight of the body to some extent. ”

“ It is a decided disadvantage to have to move the plunger so far and in actual commercial practice hand-operated hydraulic presses are not worked in that way. A pump is used to force water into the cylinder so that a great many short strokes may be taken in place of one long one, and the pump handle provides an added leverage, enabling a man with little effort to exert an enormous lift. The water enters the ram cylinder through a valve, and the pressure is maintained on the ram until relieved by the opening of an outlet port. ”

“ A sight feed lubricator connected to the steam pipe below the throttle or to the steam chest is automatic in its operation. All that is necessary is to fill it. When the speed increases the feed increases and when the pump stops the feed stops. An oil hand pump is also desirable to introduce a mixture of oil and graphite, about 10 per cent. ”

“ The liquid pump is a single-acting-plunger used for charging the counter-recoil system and for the purpose of replenishing losses of liquid from the cylinders. Power is applied through a hand lever connected by parallel links and a cross-beam at the lower end of the piston. The hand lever is detachable and also used in connection with the air pump. When in operation the pump is attached to a bracket on the carriage by means of a screw clamp. The filling pipe is employed to connect the liquid pump with the recuperator cylinder. ”

“ The safety valve with lever and weight, shown in the cut, are designed to be attached to the discharge pipe to guard against over pressure, which might occur through the closing of valves.
Fig. 483 shows an emergency pump of the Holyoke rotary pattern. It is of the same general design as the one previously alluded to. It is driven directly from the line shaft by friction gearing instead of toothed wheels. The hand wheel attached to the end of a screw is used to press the smaller friction wheel against the larger and thus transmit the power to drive the pump. ”

“ Sometimes the increased delivery can be drawn off through an open hydrant-butt meanwhile holding sufficient back pressure to show 100 pounds on the water gauge by partly closing the discharge valve.
The engine driver should stand with his hand on or near the throttle when thus speeding the pump.
It is all right to run a fire-pump up to the utmost speed possible before water hammer begins, and very often a pump, while new and if favorably set up, can deliver 25 to 50 per cent. more than rated capacity ”

“ The pump at the lower right-hand corner of the engraving takes salt water through the suction at the bottom and passes it upward through the condenser and overboard through the circulation discharge. Any steam pump having a sufficient capacity may be used as a circulating pump.
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ATMOSPHERIC PUMPS.
The Bliss-Heath Atmospheric Pumping Engine represented by Fig. 455 is novel in its construction, consisting of a low-pressure, upright, tubular steam boiler, having a safety valve loaded to carry 11⁄2 lbs. steam pressure. The large cover lifts under 2 lbs. pressure, hence explosions cannot occur. ”

“ A ball-float attached to an air valve is located at the right hand of the condenser so that in case the pump should fail to operate from any cause, the injection water will lift the ball-float, which in turn will open the air valve and by discharging the vacuum will prevent the flooding of the engine cylinder with water.
It is a well-known fact that the atmosphere exerts what is usually termed “back pressure” of 14.7 pounds per square inch upon the piston area of a steam engine, also that water converted into steam, may be converted into its original state by condensation. ”

“ Careful experiments on a large number of pumps of various makes at full speed, show that in a new pump with clean valves, and an air-tight suction pipe, and less than 15 feet lift, the actual delivery is only from 11⁄2 to 5 per cent. less than plunger displacement. This slip will increase with wear, and for a good average pump in practical use, probably 10 per cent. is a fair allowance to cover slip, valve leakage, slight short-stroke, etc. ”

“ European centrifugal pumps with their small impellers and consequent high speed of rotation, are especially liable to this repelling action, and very often are wholly inefficient from this cause. One maker who claims a high duty for his pumps, attaches a screw at the sides of the impeller to coax the water into the pump, and the idea is a good one if the difficulty is not otherwise provided for. In this way a pump can be made of smaller diameter for a given duty, but it is commonly inferior to a larger one for the same work.”—Industries. ”

“ It is due very largely to the numerous designs of steam valves, that difficulty has been encountered in managing single-cylinder pumps as successfully as those of the duplex type, the similarity of construction in the latter type, even in minor details, being much more marked.
The successful operation of a pump depends to a great extent upon the intelligence displayed in its management, and an engineer can scarcely hope to obtain quiet and smooth running pumps and freedom from breakdowns and perplexing delays except by a thorough knowledge of the details of construction and operation. ”

“ This engraving is plain and requires no description. Fig. 170 shows a diaphragm pump in which a sheet of rubber or its equivalent is used as a substitute for a piston in a cylinder.
Fig. 170.
Note.—When an ox or a horse plunges his mouth into a stream, he dilates his chest and the atmosphere forces the liquid up into his stomach precisely as up the pipe of a pump. It is indeed in imitation of these natural pumps that water is raised in artificial ones. The thorax is the pump; the muscular energy of the animal, the power that works it ”

“ Fig. 161 represents a double acting force pump used extensively on ship-board, wharves, around factories, mills, etc., and in residences, for tank pumping. On ships these pumps perform the three-fold purpose of filling boilers when cold, washing down decks and to satisfy government inspection as to fire protection; in service in mines they are unaffected by mine water, the working parts being made non-corrosive. It is claimed that a three-inch diameter cylinder with a stroke of four and a half inches with a 11⁄4-inch suction pipe and 1-inch discharge pipe will lift and force water 150 ft. ”

“ If you have sufficient water, it may be that there is air in the pump chamber, and the only way that it can get in is through the stuffing box around the plunger, if the pipes are all tight. Give this stuffing nut a turn, and if the pump starts off all right, you have found the trouble, and it would be well to re-pack the pump the first chance you get.
If the trouble is not in the stuffing box, go to the tank and see if there is anything over the screen or strainer at the end of the hose. If there is not, take hold of the hose and you can tell if there is any suction. ”

“ Men sometimes ask why, (if they can run a pump smoothly so as to get a delivery of 1,000 gals. per minute,) we should not accept as “a thousand gallon pump,” irrespective of its suction valve area or its exhaust port area or the size of its cylinders.
To this we reply that when new and favorably set almost any pump built according to these specifications can run at a much greater delivery than here rated, but when lift is unusually high or suction pipe long, or when the pump takes its suction under a head, no pump can be run so fast as on, for instance, a 5-foot lift. ”

“ Next to light, the most important creature comfort is water and plenty of it. The most common causes of failure lie with the pump itself. If one of the deep well type gets out of adjustment, repairing it is a professional job and unless you are unusually expert, don't attempt it. Telephone for a plumber or handy man. But with the shallow well pump, you can, in a pinch, replace the leathers that make the valves exert the proper suction. ”

“ Although this pump from Colonel Thacher was probably around fifty years old, it proved to be a most reliable and excellent piece of apparatus, consisting of a large, horizontal, single cylinder, “make and break” engine, driving a heavy, eighteen-inch rubber diaphragm pump. It certainly puts to shame some of the modern pump equipment of today, chugging along hour after hour like a patient old horse without much noise and clatter. ”

“ Owing to the very high speed at which these pumps are liable to be run during a fire, all the working parts are made excessively strong, and the valve area and water passages are larger than usual. The interior of each Underwriter pump is treated with a rust-proof coating, and every precaution taken so that the pump will start instantly after an indefinite period of disuse. ”

“ PUMP, [1] a machine which drives a liquid from one point to another, generally at different levels, the latter being usually the higher; an air-pump is an appliance for exhausting or removing the air or other gas from a vessel, whilst a compression pump compresses the air. The simplest forms of pumps employed for forcing liquids are “plunger pumps,” consisting essentially of a piston moving in a cylinder, provided with inlet and outlet pipes, together with certain valves. The disposition of these valves divides this type of pump into suction pumps and force pumps. ”

“ If the pump is to work under this condition, it is better to use a pump with a vertical discharge and deliver through an elbow, or else lead the discharge pipe upward for a short distance so as to keep a slight pressure, or head on the pump, and after priming as high as possible start quickly.
Generally nothing is gained by running a pump above the proper speed required for a given elevation. ”

“ Where power can be had from a shaft in motion there is no pump so economical as the power or belt driven pump. This fact is shown by the rapid increase in the number of applications of this type of pump: the reduced cost of manufacture in making the teeth of the gear wheels, the use of automatic machinery, the production of interchangeable parts have tended to produce a high grade of machine at an attractive price. ”

“ A vacuum pump is an apparatus consisting of, 1, a chamber or barrel; 2, a suction pipe with a valve to prevent return flow; 3, a discharge pipe which has a valve which is closed when the chamber is emptied and, 4, a steam induction pipe provided with a valve that is opened when the chamber is filled with water and closed when the chamber is filled with steam.
It is not right to call an air pump a vacuum pump, as the latter does not move air alone; it removes water, vapor and air from the condenser to form a vacuum. An air pump is designed to pump air alone. ”

“ The main feed pump is, even in the independent type, often placed in the engine room, while the auxiliary pump, or the injector, is in the fire room. The feed pumps draw usually from the hot well, feed heater and feed tanks and discharge through main feed pipe into the boiler.
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This “doctor” pump is a substantial piece of mechanism. The bases of columns and pump chamber flanges are accurately planed, the cylinder has spring piston packing and the plain slide valve is made of gun metal. ”

“ A single acting pump does its work through one end of the cylinder or barrel of the pump.
In double acting pumps the motion of the piston in one direction causes an inflow of water, and a discharge at the same time, in the other; and on the return stroke this action is renewed as the discharge end alternately becomes the suction end; the pump is thus double acting. ”