Anode

“ Thus, with a dilute solution of sulphuric acid and platinum electrodes, hydrogen gas is evolved at the cathode, while, as the result of a secondary action on the anode, sulphuric acid is there re-formed, and oxygen gas evolved. Again, with the solution of a salt such as sodium chloride, the sodium, which is primarily liberated at the cathode, decomposes the water and evolves hydrogen, while the chlorine may be evolved as such, may dissolve the anode, or may liberate oxygen from the water, according to the nature of the plate and the concentration of the solution. ”

“ The tanks were arranged in groups of seven on the multiple system.
Of the metals present in the anode, practically all, except gold, pass into solution, but, under the right conditions, only silver should deposit. The whole of the gold is recovered as anode slime in cloth bags surrounding the anodes. Practical results with a large plant indicate an expenditure of 1-23 electrical horse-power hours per 100 oz. ”

“ The most natural explanation of these rays is that the hot salts from which they originate act like fused electrolytes, and that the current through them into the discharge tube is carried by the ions into which the salts dissociate, the positive ion, which is a charged atom of the metallic constituent of the salt, following the current will come to the surface of the anode, will get detached from it, and under the influence of the strong electric field which exists in the gas close to the anode will acquire the high velocity characteristic of the anode rays. ”

“ The SO4, acting upon the copper anode, makes CuSO4 again, and this keeps the solution at a uniform strength. The amount of copper dissolved from the copper anode equals, nearly, the amount deposited upon the cathode. The metal is carried in the direction of the current.
If we wish to plate something with silver or gold, it will be necessary to use a solution of silver or gold for the electrolyte, a plate of metallic silver or gold being used for the anode, as the case may be. ”

“ The solution of the iron anode was intended to afford the necessary energy. In the same year another patent was granted to C. Watt for a similar process, involving the employment of an externally generated current. When an alkaline chloride, say sodium chloride, is electrolysed with one electrode immersed in a porous cell, while caustic soda is formed at the cathode, chlorine is deposited at the anode. If the latter be insoluble, the gas diffuses into the solution and, when this becomes saturated, escapes into the air. ”

“ Under strong currents, contraction takes place both at the anode and the cathode.
POLAR EFFECT OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT ON GROWTH.
The object of this investigation was to determine whether anode and cathode exerted similar discriminative and opposite effects on growth. For this experiment I took a specimen of Kysoor and determined the region where growth was maximum. A piece of moist cloth was wrapped round this region to serve as one of the two electrodes. The second electrode was placed in the neighbouring indifferent region where there had been a cessation of growth. ”

“ The higher the voltage difference between cathode and anode, the faster the electron will go.
"But the stream of electrons will be diverged if it falls through a field of increasing positive potential. In order to bring the stream to a focus, we must follow the first anode with another anode of a potential less than the first anode but still higher than the cathode. That bollixes up the works. It focuses the stream and slows it at the same time. ”

“ Electrons are produced by sending an electric discharge through a glass bulb containing a minute quantity of air or other gas, using metallic plates or wires as kathode and anode. Experiments have shown that the electrons are identical in all their properties, whatever metal is used to form the kathode and anode, and of whatever gas there is a minute quantity in the bulb. The conclusion must be drawn that identical electrons are constituents of, or are produced from, very different kinds of chemical elements. ”

“ But if the electrolysis is conducted in suitable vessels, such as U-shaped tubes or vessels with a porous diaphragm, so that the substance surrounding each electrode can be examined separately, it is found that at the anode of the sulphate of soda there is an equivalent of sulphuric acid as well as an equivalent of oxygen, and at the cathode there is an equivalent of soda as well as two equivalents of hydrogen. ”

“ The anode is therefore that surface at which the electric current, according to our present expression, enters: it is the negative extremity of the decomposing body; is where oxygen, chlorine, acids, &c., are evolved; and is against or opposite the positive electrode. The cathode is that surface at which the current leaves the decomposing body, and is its positive extremity; the combustible bodies, metals, alkalies, and bases, are evolved there, and it is in contact with the negative electrode. ”

“ In decomposing other compounds, the anode is made of the metal which is to be deposited at the cathode. If copper is to be deposited from a solution of copper sulphate the anode should be a copper plate; this keeps the solution at same strength, and avoids the opposing E. M. F. of polarization; that is, a very weak current will do the work (See Exp. 149) , because the electrodes are of the same metal.
[153] ”

“ As the gas is generated at the anode, a commotion is created in the liquid, which brings a fresh and saturated solution of electrolyte between the electrodes for electrolysis, and makes it continuous in its action. ”

“ When current is passed through a solution of copper sulphate between platinum electrodes, the liquid is decomposed, atoms of copper being deposited at the cathode, bubbles of oxygen being given off at the anode, and sulphuric acid being formed in the liquid, which latter becomes more and more acid as the copper is withdrawn. ”

“ Solutions which conduct electric currents are called electrolytes, and in the case of the human body the electrolyte is the whole mass of the saline constituents in solution throughout the body. When a current is passed through an electrolyte, dissociation into ions takes place, the ions which are freed round the anode being called anions and those which are freed round the kathode being called kations. The anions carry negative charges and are consequently attracted by the positive electricity of the anode. ”

“ Other systems have been devised. Borchers uses the alloy, granulated, in an anode chamber separated from the cathode cell by a porous partition through which the current, but not electrolyte, can pass freely. The anode residue is collected in the angular bottom of the tank, the electrolyte passes from the anode chamber to a series of tanks in which the more electro-negative constituents (silver, &c.) are chemically separated, and thence to the cathode chamber, where the copper is deposited electrolytically, thence it passes again to the anode chamber and so completes the cycle. ”

“ I propose to distinguish such bodies by calling those anions158 which go to the anode of the decomposing body; and those passing to the cathode, cations159; and when I have occasion to speak of these together, I shall call them ions. ”

“ The anode was a rod of salt placed inside a glass tube so that only the front of it was exposed to the tube; the cathode was an aluminium ring encircling the anode, the pressure was reduced to a very small value by the use of carbon cooled by liquid air. With the discharge from a powerful induction coil, or still better from a large electrostatic induction machine, the anode got hot without the aid of an auxiliary heating current, and a bright stream of rays came from the end of the salt anode ”

“ Two platinum electrodes are immersed in water slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid, and tubes are arranged above them so that the gases evolved can be collected separately. When the current is passing, bubbles of gas appear on the electrodes. When they are collected and examined, the gas which appears at the anode is found to be oxygen, and that which appears at the cathode to be hydrogen. The quantities evolved are in the proportion to form water. ”

“ Thus the hydroxyl mentioned above decomposes into water and oxygen, and the chlorine produced by the electrolysis of a chloride may attack the metal of the anode. This leads us to examine more closely the part played by water in the electrolysis of aqueous solutions. Distilled water is a very bad conductor, though, even when great care is taken to remove all dissolved bodies, there is evidence to show that some part of the trace of conductivity remaining is due to the water itself. ”

“ Silver.—All solutions of silver salts, except the nitrate, and those containing a very large quantity of free nitric acid or nitrates, deposit electrolytically merely metallic silver. In the above mentioned exceptional cases there is formed a small quantity of peroxide which adheres to the anode as a blackish-gray deposit. ”

“ Many electrolytic methods have been proposed for the purification of sugar; in some of them soluble anodes are used for a few minutes in weak alkaline solutions, so that the caustic alkali from the cathode reaction may precipitate chemically the hydroxide of the anode metal dissolved in the liquid, the precipitate carrying with it mechanically some of the impurities present, and thus clarifying the solution. In others the current is applied for a longer time to the original sugar-solution with insoluble (e.g. carbon) anodes. ”

“ Care must be taken not to expose goods in the plating-bath to too high a current density, else they may be “burnt”; they must never be exposed one at a time to the full anode surface, with the current flowing in an empty bath, but either one piece at a time should be replaced, or some of the anodes should be transferred temporarily to the place of the cathodes, in order to distribute the current over a sufficient cathode-area. Burnt deposits are dark-coloured, or even pulverulent and useless. ”

“ In these experiments the oxygen, iodine, chlorine, and nitric acid are liberated at the electro-positive pole, and are hence termed electro-negative bodies, whilst hydrogen and the alkalies are set free at the electro-negative pole, and are therefore called electro-positive bodies. [Pg 200] Faraday has modified these terms, and calls the two classes "anions" and "cathions," and the two poles "anodes" and "cathodes."
Anode, from ανα, up, and ὁδος, a way: the way which the sun rises. Anions, from ανα, up, and ειμι, to go: that which goes up ”

“ The anode consists of a copper tube 1.5′′ in diameter and 7.5′′ long. A copper disc is welded to one end forming a vacuum tight joint. The other end which is turned down to a knife edge is fused directly to a glass tube. ”

“ For the word 'poles,' previously applied to the plates plunged in a decomposition cell, he substituted the word 'electrodes.' The decomposing liquid he called an 'electrolyte.' and the act of decomposition 'electrolysis.' These terms are now of everyday use in science. The term 'anode 'for the positive electrode and 'cathode 'for the negative one, are less frequently used, while the terms 'anion' and 'cation,' names given to the respective constituents of the decomposed electrolyte, and the term 'ion,' including both anions and cations, are hardly used at all. ”

“ Sodium Bisulphate, 700
Potassium Cyanide, 70 per cent., 1,000
Water, 20,000
II.
Copper Acetate, 350
Zinc Chloride, 350
Aqua Ammoniae, 400
Water, 5,000
Add the second solution to the first.
Use a brass anode; add more zinc to produce a greenish color; more
copper for a red color. A weak current gives a red color; a strong
current lightens the color. The battery power can be altered, a larger
or smaller anode can be used, or a copper or zinc anode can be used to
change the color of the deposit. ”

“ Similar unions between anodes and cathodes are formed a myriad-fold every moment during time's progress, and result in the creation of an electric spark, or a succession of sparks, called an electric light, or any other light or fire, or of a thought, or of the embryo to a new life of any and every description, etc.; while a discord, a stutter, a smouldering fire, the sight of a thing too dimly seen to be recognized, a cut or broken limb, a suspense, a disappointment, a suppressed action or passion, etc., are anodes not joined by their cathodes. ”

“ While the absorption of nitrogen is an exothermic reaction, it must be started and supported in the initial stages by a supply of heat from some external source, and for this electric heating with carbon anodes is used. ”

“ The former are by far the more numerous, altogether numbering more than fifty. Among the better known are such well known substances as iron, mercury, copper, tin, potassium, antimony, strontium, and nickel. The non-metals are more widely distributed and together made up of the bulk of the universe.
[32]
They comprise the gases—oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and chlorine, and such substances as sulphur, carbon, phosphorus and iodine. To the latter class also belongs a peculiar element called fluorine, which, when combined with hydrogen, destroys glass. ”

“ These gases are oxygen and hydrogen. Every atom of water consists of one part of the former gas and two parts by volume of the latter. This you may prove in the following way:
Buy a piece of sodium, a metal that must not be touched with the fingers, and thrust it into a small one-ounce jar half full of water; cork the jar tightly.
Through a hole in the cork pass a glass tube, the outer end being drawn in a flame to a fine point. Apply a light at the end of the tube. The escaping gas will catch fire and burn with a light blue flame. This gas is hydrogen. ”