Emulation

“ This is done by the electro-plating process. When the shell is secured the next step is to provide a matrix which serves as a die or stamp from which to press copies or duplicates of the master record. These copies or duplicates are the talking-machine records which the public ultimately purchases. The matrix or die is placed in a power press and the records pressed from the material used in making the sound records. This material is prepared in a plastic form so that it can be forced under pressure into every line and indentation on the face of the matrix. ”

“ When an Art is fully established, however, and machines [Pg 52] representing the Art are to be found on the market and the principal features of such machines are portrayed in a later patent, it may rightly be called a copy. To assume, however, that a novice has taken the trouble to delve into the archives of the patent office and study the scattered theoretical elements of the Art and supply a new element to make a combination that is needed to produce a practical key-driven calculator, is not a probable assumption. ”

“ The preponderating volume of its business, however, is the production of newspaper electrotypes, and it is in this department that The Rapid Electrotype Company has made distinct improvements in manufacturing practice by methods and machinery designed and constructed by its own engineers in its own machine shop.
BLACK LEADING
The Rapid Electrotype Company has built a new type of machine for use in this important phase of the electrotyping art. It is a combination Dry-Wet Machine, designed by its own engineering staff. ”

“ The matrix covers the opening at one end of the mold, and on the opposite end (which is the foot of the type) is an opening through which the melted metal is injected. A mold is made for a single body-size of type but it is adjustable sideways to correspond to the various widths of the letters in an alphabet. One mold may be used to cast, in succession, all the letters of a font of type, or it may be used to cast any number of fonts of different faces that may be made on the [Pg 21] same body, by merely changing the matrices that form the face. ”

“ One advanced notion is the “growing” of complex electronic circuitry, in which a completed amplifier, or array of amplifiers, is pulled from the crystal furnace much the way material for transistors is now grown. Pooh-poohed at first as ridiculous, the notion has been tried experimentally. Since a computer is basically a multiplicity of simple units, the idea is not far off at that. It is conceivable that crystal structure can be exploited to produce millions of molecules of the proper material properly aligned for the desired electronic action. ”

“ Many of these blocks serve remarkably well for rough diagrammatic purposes, but for artistic purposes there is not one we can recommend when the object is to reproduce pictures taken from nature. For facsimile work they serve the purpose. |A great desideratum.| A first-rate photo-mechanical block to print with the text in the ordinary printing-press, which is entirely the result of a chemical process, is a great desideratum, and it is a problem which experimenters in this direction will do well to study. ”

“ There can be no direct communication between protoplasm and a steam-engine; there may be and often is direct communication between machines of even the fifth order and those of the first, as when an engine-man turns a cock, or repairs something with his own hands if he has nothing better to work with. But put a hammer, for example, to a piece of protoplasm, and the protoplasm will no more know what to do with it than we should be able to saw a piece of wood in two without a saw. ”

“ Each additional convolution, like each additional cell, adds its electro-motive force to that of all the others; and though it also adds its resistance, thereby diminishing the quantity of current contributed by each convolution, the integrated current becomes endowed with the power of leaping across the successive spaces necessary for the production of a series of lights in its course. ”

“ In the regenerative circuit the tube is performing two jobs at once. It is detecting but it is also amplifying. [9] By “amplifying” we mean making an e. m. f. larger than it is without changing the shape of its picture, that is without changing its “wave form.”
To show just what we mean by amplifying we must look again at the audion and see how it acts. You know that a change in the grid potential makes a change in the plate current. Let us arrange an audion in a circuit which will tell us a little more of what happens. Fig. 93 shows the circuit. ”

“ Electrical amalgam is prepared by fusing one part of zinc with one of tin, and then agitating the liquid mass with two parts of hot mercury placed in a wooden box; when cold it should be carefully powdered and kept in a well-stoppered bottle for use. When the amalgam has been applied, the rubbers are again screwed in their places, and the machine when turned (if the atmosphere is tolerably dry) will emit an abundance of bright sparks. ”

“ The composite consists of a high-speed general-purpose digital computer, an electronic analog computer, an analog-to-digital converter, a digital-to-analog and a suitable control for these two converters. The converters are called “transducers” and have the ability of changing the continuous analog signal into discrete pulses of energy, or vice versa.
Sometimes called digital differential analyzers, the hybrid computers feature the ease of programming of the analog, plus its speed, and the accuracy and much broader range of the digital machine. ”

“ Electronic switching and other action at the molecular level is close to reality, and hardheaded scientists now speak calmly of using a homogeneous block of material as a memory, scanning its three dimensions with the speed of light to locate any one or more of billions of bits of data in a few inches of volume. ”

“ When the product is desired, it is called for, transferred into counter D, and the multiplication unit is automatically cleared. It takes time, however, for the machine to perform a multiplication. That is the reason for the preceding coding line and the 6421 in the C field. While the multiplication is going on, we can instruct the machine to do other things that we want done. We can insert or interpose coding lines in between the multiplier line and the product line. For example, if we have a multiplier of 10 digits, we can insert 8 coding lines and maybe more. ”

“ Aluminotypes are much harder than an electrotype or stereotype and have as sharp and deep a printing face as an electrotype. The Aluminotype process will reproduce as sharp and clear as the electrotyping process an eighty line screen half-tone, which is really too fine a screen for newspaper printing. ”

“ The usual type of vacuum tube consists of an evacuated glass vessel in which are enclosed three elements, the filament, the plate, and the grid. When the tube is in operation an electron current flows between the filament which is heated by an auxiliary source of power and the plat, the magnitude of this current being controlled by the grid. ”

“ Machine multiplication strategies. In describing the logical process of machine reproduction we have concentrated on the means by which the parent system could come to possess the information needed to carry out a replication and the associated question of how offspring would if necessary acquire the programs needed to continue the machine reproduction process. Although these questions, logically, are at the heart of machine replication, they leave open many issues concerning creation and siting of new machine systems as well as the ultimate fate of such systems. ”

“ The electric cell represents a certain voltage; to add to this more cells are needed and connected with each other so that each adds its voltage to other or the circuit. The method of connecting cells in this manner is called series connection, in which the carbon element of one cell is connected with the zinc of the next, and so forth, until the last cell, leaving two free poles, one carbon and a zinc to which the wires to hold the electrodes for the patient are connected. As has been said, the carbon is the positive pole and the zinc the negative. The method of connection is shown in Fig. ”

“ The inertia or "lag" of a cell produces upon an intermittent current an effect similar to that produced by the capacity Fig. 55 of a line, as was noted in Chapter I., preventing the incoming signals from being recorded separately, and distinctly. To obtain the best results in photo-telegraphy, the resistance of a cell should only be decreased to an extent sufficient to pass the current required to operate the recording apparatus, and the illumination should be regulated so that this condition of the cell takes place. ”

“ The cells are not ranged in regular alphabetical order, but in such manner that those containing the letters most wanted shall be grouped together near the compositor’s hand, leaving such letters as j, k, q, x, z, &c. to occupy cells near the margin of the case. May not some types fall out of an overfilled cell into the one just below it; or may not the filling of a pair of cases with new type be so carelessly managed that a few fall over into the wrong cells; or may the compositor, in distributing the type after printing, now and then drop a type into a wrong cell? ”

“ Other analog computers were developed for utility companies to control the dispatching of power to various consumers in the most efficient manner. Again the principle was simply to build a model or analog of an actual physical system and use it to predict the outcome of operation of that system. ”

“ Scheme represents a small part of about 1⁄32 part of an Inch long, and each of the lateral branches emit multitudes of little sprigs, threads or hairs on either side of them, such as CD, CD, CD, so each of those threads in the Microscope appears a large long body, consisting of a multitude of bright reflecting parts, whose Figure ’tis no easie matter to determine, as he that examines it shall find; for every new position of it to the light makes it perfectly seem of another form and shape, and nothing what it appear’d a little before ”

“ These reach nearly as high as the shoulder of the type and, unlike low spaces, do not leave small holes and crevices between the words and lines into which the moulding wax is forced when moulding. Although a great deal of miscellaneous job work is moulded for electrotyping with low spaces and other blanks, the electrotyper finds it difficult to obtain the best results with forms made up in this manner. The high blank spaces make a better moulding form and are used in composing rooms where the major part of the work is electrotyped. ”

“ Engineering specifications are put into the computer and the machine can then produce on request mechanical drawings as required by the engineer. Data stored in the memory is displayed on a Charactron tube. There is little resistance to this type of computer, since the engineer can say it is doing work below his level of 192ability! Of course, the draftsman may take a dim view of computers that can do mechanical drawing.
Bell Telephone Laboratories
Engineer checks design information for first computer built from complete information furnished by another computer. ”

“ The cuticle lying about the heart of the smaller and even the larger mammals (from calves, &c.) makes the best membranes. Goldbeater’s-skins reproduce only the deeper tones. The cover of the sounding-box appeared in my apparatus superfluous, and indeed the tone was somewhat stronger without the cover.
1. In experiments with the telephone, one must look closely as to whether the ends of the platinum strip is still fastened to the membrane, and one must, if necessary, press upon the membrane. ”

“ I want to focus on a third conception of synthetic biology: the idea of turning biotechnology from an artisanal process of one- off creations, developed with customized techniques, to a true engineering discipline, using processes and parts that are as standardized and as well understood as valves, screws, capacitors, or resistors. The electrical engineer told to build a circuit does not go out and invent her own switches or capacitors. ”

“ Electrotyping.—In making an electrotype, a moulding composition consisting mainly of wax with a little black lead, is poured when molten into a shallow metal tray, and, when it has set, its surface is brushed over with black lead and polished. ”

“ So we have at least 100 flip-flops for each accumulator, and thus at least 100 electronic tubes are required to store 10 digits. Actually, an accumulator needs 550 electronic tubes. So we see that [Pg 120] there is not very much of a future in this type of arrangement. The newer electronic brains use different devices for storage of numbers.
In order to show what number is stored in an accumulator, there are 100 little neon bulbs mounted on the face of each accumulator panel. Each bulb glows when the flip-flop that belongs to it is on. ”

“ Protoplasm is to-day known to be made up of parts harmoniously adapted to each other in such a way as to form an extraordinarily intricate machine; and the microscopist of to-day recognizes clearly that the activities of this material must be regarded as the result of the machinery which makes up protoplasm rather than as the simple result of its chemical composition. Protoplasm is a machine and not a chemical compound. ”

“ In whatever way increase of amplification is brought about, two things will always result from the change: the proportion of surface of the object of which an image can be formed must be diminished, and the amount of light spread over the image proportionally lessened. ”